1 18:38:14,228 --> 18:38:18,899 RECREATE MY CHILDHOOD. THE SHIPYARD CLOSED IN THE 2 18:38:20,734 --> 18:38:23,737 -- GEOFF: I THINK IT'S FAIR TO SAY 3 18:38:25,138 --> 18:38:26,340 THAT MOST ARTISTS OF YOUR STATURE WOULD PRODUCE A WORK 4 18:38:26,406 --> 18:38:30,244 LIKE THIS AND THEN HAND IT OFF TO SOMEONE ELSE TO PERFORM. 5 18:38:30,310 --> 18:38:31,411 WHY KEEP SHOWING UP IN IT NIGHT AFTER NIGHT? 6 18:38:31,478 --> 18:38:33,847 WHAT DOES ACTING GIVE YOU? STING: I NEVER INTENDED TO BE IN 7 18:38:33,914 --> 18:38:35,215 THIS PLAY TO BEGIN WITH, I WROTE IT FOR OTHER ACTORS AND THEN I 8 18:38:35,282 --> 18:38:41,088 WAS CONVINCED BY A PRODUCER THAT IF I WENT INTO THE PLAY WE WOULD 9 18:38:44,091 --> 18:38:48,028 SELL MORE TICKETS, SO IT WAS PURELY AN ECONOMIC SITUATION. 10 18:38:48,095 --> 18:38:50,264 BUT HAVING SAID YES TO THAT I'M , THOROUGHLY ENJOYING IT AND 11 18:38:50,330 --> 18:38:51,198 UNCONSCIOUSLY EMBODYING MY FATHER, MY GRANDFATHER, THE 12 18:38:51,265 --> 18:38:52,533 PEOPLE I KNEW IN MY STREET AND MY COMMUNITY. 13 18:38:52,599 --> 18:38:58,172 IT'S A WONDERFUL, CATHARTIC, EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE FOR ME. 14 18:39:01,241 --> 18:39:03,076 GEOFF: THE LAST SHIP FIRST APPEARED ON BROADWAY IN 2014, 15 18:39:03,143 --> 18:39:06,613 RUNNING JUST OVER 100 PERFORMANCES. 16 18:39:08,115 --> 18:39:09,683 THIS NEW ITERATION, FEATURING REGGAE STAR SHAGGY, HAS ALREADY 17 18:39:09,750 --> 18:39:10,918 TRAVELED TO AMSTERDAM, PARIS, AND BRISBANE. 18 18:39:10,984 --> 18:39:15,222 UP NEXT, NINE PERFORMANCES AT THE METROPOLITAN OPERA IN NEW 19 18:39:15,289 --> 18:39:19,193 YORK CITY. >> THE MUSICAL IS MORE THAN JUST 20 18:39:22,629 --> 18:39:24,631 A MUSICAL ABOUT SHIPBUILDING. IT'S ABOUT IDENTITY, IT'S ABOUT 21 18:39:24,698 --> 18:39:25,566 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WORK THAT GIVES PEOPLE THEIR IDENTITY 22 18:39:25,632 --> 18:39:26,567 DISAPPEARS. DO YOU FEEL THAT STORY RESONATES 23 18:39:26,633 --> 18:39:30,971 MORE DEEPLY NOW IN MANY WAYS THAN IT HAS BEFORE? 24 18:39:37,377 --> 18:39:38,846 STING: I MEAN, IT MAY RESONATE WITH THE MODERN AUDIENCE BECAUSE 25 18:39:38,912 --> 18:39:40,480 ALL OF OUR JOBS ARE UNDER THREAT FROM AI, FOR EXAMPLE. 26 18:39:40,547 --> 18:39:45,452 WE'RE NOT QUITE SURE IF THAT WILL HAPPEN, BUT THERE'S 27 18:39:47,487 --> 18:39:48,488 CERTAINLY AN IMPLICIT THREAT IN THE AIR ABOUT HOW WE CAN BE 28 18:39:48,555 --> 18:39:52,125 REPLACED. ARE WE ALL EXTRANEOUS? AND I 29 18:39:52,993 --> 18:39:55,062 THINK THAT'S ONE OF THE THEMES OF THE PLAY. 30 18:39:55,128 --> 18:40:00,934 GEOFF: DESPITE THE ENCROACHING THREAT OF AI ACROSS INDUSTRIES, 31 18:40:01,001 --> 18:40:01,768 STING BELIEVES HIS OWN CRAFT OF SONGWRITING TO BE UNIQUELY 32 18:40:01,835 --> 18:40:05,506 RESISTANT. STING AI CAN MAKE PERFECTLY 33 18:40:06,106 --> 18:40:07,841 : SERVICEABLE POP MUSIC THAT YOU WOULD HEAR IN AN AIRPORT OR A 34 18:40:07,908 --> 18:40:11,712 HOTEL LOUNGE. THE QUESTION IS, WOULD YOU 35 18:40:14,481 --> 18:40:17,618 ACTUALLY LISTEN TO IT AS OPPOSED TO HERE IT? 36 18:40:17,684 --> 18:40:19,553 THEY ARE ENTIRELY DIFFERENT THINGS. 37 18:40:19,620 --> 18:40:25,292 I NEED A STORY BEHIND IT AND A HUMAN BEING WHO HAS HAD HIS OR 38 18:40:25,359 --> 18:40:27,394 HER HEART BROKEN OR BEEN IN LOVE AND FELT SOMETHING. 39 18:40:27,461 --> 18:40:31,064 A MACHINE HAS NEVER DONE THAT AND NEVER WILL. 40 18:40:31,131 --> 18:40:33,133 SO I DON'T FEEL PARTICULARLY THREATENED BY IT. 41 18:40:33,200 --> 18:40:36,670 IT'S CLEVER, BUT IT'S JUST ARTIFICE. 42 18:40:38,739 --> 18:40:44,545 GEOFF: IT'S A CONFIDENCE EARNED OVER A CAREER THAT INCLUDES 17 43 18:40:46,346 --> 18:40:47,948 GRAMMIES, FOUR OSCAR NOMINATIONS, AN EMMY AND A 44 18:40:48,015 --> 18:40:52,486 KENNEDY CENTER HONOR. WHERE DOES YOUR CREATIVE 45 18:40:58,859 --> 18:41:00,427 RESTLESSNESS COME FROM? STING: I THINK CREATIVITY IS 46 18:41:00,494 --> 18:41:01,795 ALWAYS A FUNCTION OF RESTLESSNESS. 47 18:41:01,862 --> 18:41:07,100 IF YOU'RE COMPLETELY CONTENT, YOU WILL NOT BE CREATIVE. 48 18:41:10,037 --> 18:41:11,471 YOU NEED A LITTLE GERM OF SOMETHING THAT'S AGGRAVATING 49 18:41:11,538 --> 18:41:13,207 YOU, LIKE A PEARL IN AN OYSTER. I DON'T THINK CONTENTMENT AND 50 18:41:13,273 --> 18:41:17,177 HAPPINESS IS A PARTICULAR HUMAN QUALITY. 51 18:41:22,249 --> 18:41:23,250 I THINK WE'RE RESTLESS BEINGS. WE ARE MEANT TO BE QUESTIONING 52 18:41:23,317 --> 18:41:27,788 THE WHOLE TIME. GEOFF: IT'S A RESTLESSNESS THAT 53 18:41:29,823 --> 18:41:32,292 HAS FUELED STING'S MUSIC AND HIS EVOLUTION AS AN ARTIST. 54 18:41:32,359 --> 18:41:37,831 STING: I THINK YOU HAVE TO CONSTANTLY CHALLENGE YOURSELF. 55 18:41:39,032 --> 18:41:43,003 YOU HAVE TO CONSTANTLY BE OUT OF YOUR COMFORT ZONE, NOT BE IN 56 18:41:43,070 --> 18:41:47,007 SHALLOW WATER THE WHOLE TIME. TAKE RISKS. 57 18:41:47,074 --> 18:41:50,911 ARTISTIC RISKS. ENJOY THE HELL OUT OF IT BECAUSE 58 18:41:50,978 --> 18:41:54,548 IT IS A PRIVILEGE. IT IS ITS OWN REWARD. 59 18:42:00,254 --> 18:42:01,088 I DON'T NEED TO HAVE ALL OF THOSE GRAMMYS ON MY MANTELPIECE. 60 18:42:01,154 --> 18:42:02,923 I DON'T NEED A LOT OF PLATINUM DISKS. 61 18:42:02,990 --> 18:42:08,462 I DON'T NEED TO SELL OUT TOURS TO ENJOY THE MUSIC THAT I MAKE. 62 18:42:09,229 --> 18:42:13,867 AND I SAY THIS TO MY KIDS, YOU DON'T NEED TO BE SUCCESSFUL TO 63 18:42:13,934 --> 18:42:15,202 HAVE MUSIC AS YOUR PATH BECAUSE IT'S A SPIRITUAL PATH AND IT'S 64 18:42:15,269 --> 18:42:16,904 REGARDLESS OF SUCCESS. AND THEY SAY WELL IT'S EASY FOR 65 18:42:16,970 --> 18:42:20,374 YOU TO SAY BECAUSE YOU ARE SUCCESSFUL. 66 18:42:20,440 --> 18:42:22,576 I SAID NO, IT WOULD STILL BE THE SAME, I WOULD STILL MAKE MUSIC 67 18:42:22,643 --> 18:42:27,214 BECAUSE I'M COMPELLED TO. FOR PROFOUND REASONS. 68 18:42:37,791 --> 18:42:41,695 ? EVERY BREATH YOU TAKE EVERY MOVE YOU MAKE 69 18:42:44,097 --> 18:42:46,967 EVERY BOND YOU BREAK, EVERY STEP YOU TAKE 70 18:42:47,034 --> 18:42:52,439 I'LL BE WATCHING YOU ? GEOFF: AND WEGEOFF: WILL BE BACK 71 18:42:52,506 --> 18:42:53,574 SHORTLY. BUT FIRST, TAKE A MOMENT TO HEAR 72 18:42:53,640 --> 18:42:58,779 FROM YOUR LOCAL PBS STATION. IT'S A CHANCE TO OFFER YOUR 73 18:43:03,283 --> 18:43:04,852 Wisconsin, interrupting the 74 18:43:04,918 --> 18:43:07,454 program just briefly to ask 75 18:43:07,521 --> 18:43:09,990 financial support to keep 76 18:43:10,657 --> 18:43:12,659 coming to you on PBSur 77 18:43:13,827 --> 18:43:15,896 there on the bottom of your 78 18:43:15,963 --> 18:43:18,532 six, three six. There's ae, 79 18:43:19,099 --> 18:43:21,535 right now. There's so manys 80 18:43:21,602 --> 18:43:23,937 there are none that do itt 81 18:43:25,005 --> 18:43:27,341 nonpartisan way, filled 82 18:43:29,109 --> 18:43:31,778 integrity that you've come 83 18:43:31,845 --> 18:43:34,181 NewsHour. And of course, 84 18:43:34,615 --> 18:43:37,017 it's Washington Week, it's 85 18:43:37,084 --> 18:43:38,752 different news programsthe 86 18:43:38,819 --> 18:43:41,388 television in the broadest 87 18:43:43,290 --> 18:43:45,626 to you, we need you to call 88 18:43:46,426 --> 18:43:48,495 financial support. This is 89 18:43:48,562 --> 18:43:51,231 member challenge where it's 90 18:43:51,798 --> 18:43:54,268 during PBS NewsHour. Soch 91 18:43:55,536 --> 18:43:57,938 vote with your dollars and 92 18:43:58,005 --> 18:43:59,907 1-800-236-3636.at 93 18:44:02,576 --> 18:44:05,145 I'm a member of thearlson. 94 18:44:05,212 --> 18:44:07,681 here at PBS Wisconsin. 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Help us stay that 197 18:49:43,483 --> 18:49:46,153 1-800-236-3636. by calling 198 18:49:49,089 --> 18:49:56,096 [MUSIC]GEOFF: JOURNALIST MICHAEL EDISON HAYDEN HAS SPENT YEARS TRACKING 199 18:50:03,604 --> 18:50:05,105 EXTREMISM IN AMERICA. HIS NEW BOOK, STRANGE PEOPLE ON 200 18:50:05,172 --> 18:50:06,673 THE HILL, TRACKS WHAT HAPPENED WHEN A FAR-RIGHT GROUP MOVED ITS 201 18:50:06,740 --> 18:50:11,645 HEADQUARTERS TO A SMALL TOWN IN RURAL WEST VIRGINIA. 202 18:50:14,014 --> 18:50:14,882 AMNA NAWAZ INTERVIEWED HAYDEN FOR OUR PBS NEWS PODCAST, SETTLE 203 18:50:14,948 --> 18:50:16,316 IN. AND THEY SPOKE ABOUT HIS BOOK 204 18:50:16,383 --> 18:50:17,618 AND THE SHARP DIVISIONS IN AMERICAN POLITICS RIGHT NOW. 205 18:50:17,684 --> 18:50:21,021 HERE'S A CLIP OF THAT CONVERSATION. 206 18:50:26,260 --> 18:50:28,896 >> THIS IS REAL LIFE AS YOU MENTIONED. 207 18:50:28,962 --> 18:50:31,398 THIS IS A STORY AND THE REASON WHY WE CHOOSE IT. 208 18:50:31,465 --> 18:50:35,302 THE MOST IMPORTANT THING IS, THERE'S A REASON WHY WE CHOOSE 209 18:50:35,369 --> 18:50:38,839 -- DO WE REALLY WANT TO LIVE LIKE THIS? 210 18:50:40,307 --> 18:50:43,977 YOU KNOW? AMNA: IT'S HARD FOR YOU TO TALK 211 18:50:45,445 --> 18:50:47,114 ABOUT. >> YES. 212 18:50:50,951 --> 18:50:51,685 UNEXPECTED. DO WE REALLY WANT TO LIVE LIKE 213 18:50:51,752 --> 18:50:53,554 THIS? I DON'T KNOW. 214 18:50:54,922 --> 18:51:00,394 MY FRIEND GROWING UP, HE'S A REPUBLICAN AND HE IS MY METS AND 215 18:51:05,699 --> 18:51:08,168 JETS TYPE FRIEND. I SPENT AN ENTIRE YEAR ARE NOT 216 18:51:08,235 --> 18:51:11,972 TALKING TO HIM BECAUSE HE SUPPORTED TRUMP IN THE FIRST 217 18:51:12,039 --> 18:51:16,043 ELECTION. GOING THROUGH ALL THESE THREATS 218 18:51:18,078 --> 18:51:19,546 LIKE, I CAN'T EVEN TALK TO YOU. I DON'T WANT TO TALK TO YOU. 219 18:51:19,613 --> 18:51:23,283 HE SAID IT WAS -- SORRY. AMNA: THAT'S OK. 220 18:51:25,752 --> 18:51:28,956 TAKE A MINUTE. >> HE SAID IT WAS LIKE THE 221 18:51:29,022 --> 18:51:31,325 TOUGHEST YEAR OF HIS LIFE. AMNA: THAT YOU WEREN'T TALKING? 222 18:51:31,391 --> 18:51:35,062 >> YES PEER THAT I WAS NOT TALKING TO HIM. 223 18:51:35,762 --> 18:51:36,864 HE ALSO SAID ANOTHER THING TO ME. 224 18:51:36,930 --> 18:51:41,502 HE'S A BUSINESS GUY. HE'S NOT THINKING ABOUT THIS 225 18:51:43,804 --> 18:51:48,375 STUFF LIKE THAT. I APPROACHED THEM TO THINK ABOUT 226 18:51:49,076 --> 18:51:52,179 IT IN A DIFFERENT WAY. HE'S LIKE, WHEN I WAS A KID, 227 18:51:52,246 --> 18:51:57,351 WHEN WE WERE KIDS, THE PRESIDENT WAS JUST A GUY ON TV. 228 18:51:57,417 --> 18:51:59,853 AND THAT WAS TRUE. WE DID NOT CARE. 229 18:51:59,920 --> 18:52:02,422 WE DID NOT HAVE TO CARE. I KNEW THERE WERE TWO PARTIES 230 18:52:02,489 --> 18:52:06,326 AND THAT WAS IT. SO THE QUESTION IS, DO WE REALLY 231 18:52:06,393 --> 18:52:09,563 WANT TO LIVE LIKE THIS? DO WE WANT TO HAVE EVERYDAY THAT 232 18:52:09,630 --> 18:52:12,266 THERE'S A NEW THING WE HAVE TO GO TO WAR OVER? 233 18:52:12,332 --> 18:52:17,905 I FEEL LIKE WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO OUR COUNTRY SINCE EXTREMISM 234 18:52:18,572 --> 18:52:24,378 BECAME THE DOMINANT STRAIN OF POLITICS HAS BEEN SO PAINFUL AND 235 18:52:25,379 --> 18:52:27,781 IS TAKING YEARS OFF OF PEOPLE'S LIVES. 236 18:52:27,848 --> 18:52:29,950 I CAN'T IMAGINE PEOPLE REALLY WANT TO LIVE LIKE THIS. 237 18:52:30,017 --> 18:52:34,421 AMNA: WHAT YOU SHARED ABOUT YOUR FRIEND THOUGH IS I THINK 238 18:52:34,488 --> 18:52:36,490 SOMETHING A LOT OF PEOPLE CAN RELATE TO. 239 18:52:36,557 --> 18:52:40,127 MORE AND MORE AMERICANS IN PARTICULAR WILL HAVE FOLKS IN 240 18:52:40,194 --> 18:52:42,496 THEIR LIVES WHO THEY DISAGREE WITH OVER POLITICS. 241 18:52:42,563 --> 18:52:46,400 20 YEARS AGO IT MIGHT HAVE MEANT YOU JUST DON'T TALK POLITICS 242 18:52:46,466 --> 18:52:50,871 ANYMORE. NOW IT MEANS BROKEN FRIENDSHIPS, 243 18:52:50,938 --> 18:52:53,140 BROKEN FAMILIES IN SOME CASES. ARE YOU AND YOUR FRIEND 244 18:52:53,207 --> 18:52:55,108 RECONNECTED AGAIN? >> YES. 245 18:52:55,175 --> 18:52:58,512 WE ARE COOL. HE AND I ARE REALLY COOL. 246 18:53:00,013 --> 18:53:01,315 HE ACTUALLY SUBSCRIBES TO A PODCAST I COHOST. 247 18:53:01,381 --> 18:53:05,185 AMNA: [LAUGHTER] >> WE ARE RECONNECTED. 248 18:53:06,453 --> 18:53:09,923 BUT I DO HAVE PEOPLE IN MY OWN FAMILY WHERE IT'S DIFFICULT, OR 249 18:53:09,990 --> 18:53:11,191 THERE ARE CERTAIN THINGS WE CAN'T TALK ABOUT. 250 18:53:11,258 --> 18:53:16,363 LIKE IF EVERYONE IN THE FAMILY SHARES AN ARTICLE I WROTE, THEY 251 18:53:16,430 --> 18:53:19,533 CAN'T CHIME IN ON IT BECAUSE THEY ARE WORRIED IT MIGHT GO 252 18:53:19,600 --> 18:53:24,404 AGAINST PRESIDENT TRUMP. AMNA: I THINK THE CENTRAL 253 18:53:30,177 --> 18:53:30,944 QUESTION YOU ASKED IS DO WE REALLY WANT TO LIVE LIKE THIS? 254 18:53:31,011 --> 18:53:34,581 THAT IS SOMETHING YOU ADDRESS SO WELL. 255 18:53:35,082 --> 18:53:39,353 AND THE OTHER PART OF IT IN THE CONVERSATION HAVE THE BOOK IS 256 18:53:39,419 --> 18:53:42,322 THIS IDEA THAT ALL POLITICS, AS WE TALK ABOUT IT, ALL POLITICS 257 18:53:42,389 --> 18:53:43,857 IS PERSONAL AND SHOWS UP IN OUR PERSONAL LIVES. 258 18:53:43,924 --> 18:53:47,261 >> YES. AND HOW MUCH OF THIS IS REALLY 259 18:53:51,031 --> 18:53:53,233 ABOUT IMPROVING THE MATERIAL CONDITIONS OF THE PEOPLE WHO 260 18:53:53,300 --> 18:53:55,169 SUPPORT HIM AND HOW MUCH OF THIS IS REALLY ABOUT STIGMATIZING OR 261 18:53:55,235 --> 18:54:00,574 DESTROYING IMAGINED ENEMIES. OR MAYBE PEOPLE THINK REAL 262 18:54:02,609 --> 18:54:03,777 ENEMIES BUT I WOULD SAY IMAGINED. 263 18:54:03,844 --> 18:54:08,949 WE'VE GONE VERY FAR OFF TRACK FROM WHAT THIS POLITICAL SYSTEM 264 18:54:09,016 --> 18:54:11,618 IS TECHNICALLY SUPPOSED TO BE. WE ARE SUPPOSED TO FIGURE OUT 265 18:54:11,685 --> 18:54:12,853 HOW TO IMPROVE MATERIAL CONDITIONS. 266 18:54:12,920 --> 18:54:17,391 HOW ARE WE GOING TO GET PEOPLE HEALTH CARE, HOW ARE THEY GOING 267 18:54:17,457 --> 18:54:19,927 TO GET FAT? HOW ARE KIDS GOING TO GET 268 18:54:19,993 --> 18:54:23,197 EDUCATED? HOW CAN KIDS GET JOBS OUT OF 269 18:54:23,263 --> 18:54:25,265 SCHOOL? SO MUCH OF IT IS TALKING ABOUT 270 18:54:25,332 --> 18:54:28,368 STICKING IT TO EVERYBODY ELSE. GEOFF: YOU CAN WATCH THAT FULL 271 18:54:28,435 --> 18:54:30,204 EPISODE OF SETTLE IN ON OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL OR WHEREVER YOU 272 18:54:30,270 --> 18:54:31,371 GET YOUR PODCASTS. REMEMBER, THERE'S A LOT MORE 273 18:54:31,438 --> 18:54:33,740 ONLINE INCLUDING LIVE RESULTS FOR TODAY'S MIDTERM PRIMARY 274 18:54:33,807 --> 18:54:36,944 ELECTIONS ACROSS THE COUNTRY, INCLUDING IN CALIFORNIA. 275 18:54:37,010 --> 18:54:42,349 THAT'S AT PBS.ORG/NEWSHOUR. AND THAT'S THE NEWS HOUR FOR 276 18:54:42,416 --> 18:54:44,585 TONIGHT. I'M GEOFF BENNETT. 277 18:54:44,651 --> 18:54:45,953 FOR ALL OF US HERE AT THE PBS NEWS HOUR, THANKS FOR SPENDING 278 18:54:46,019 --> 18:54:48,622 PART OF YOUR EVENING WITH US. ANNOUNCER: MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE 279 18:54:48,689 --> 18:54:52,259 "PBS NEWS HOUR" HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY -- 280 18:54:55,596 --> 18:54:58,599 ? >> MOVING OUR ECONOMY FOR 100 60 281 18:55:19,453 --> 18:55:21,255 YEARS. THE NSF. 282 18:55:21,321 --> 18:55:26,994 THE ENGINE THAT CONNECTS US. >> THE WILLIAM AND FLORA HEWLETT 283 18:55:27,794 --> 18:55:30,497 FOUNDATION. 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CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW 292 18:56:02,462 --> 18:56:05,632 YORK, WORKING TO REDUCE POLITICAL POLARIZATION THROUGH 293 18:56:05,699 --> 18:56:09,469 PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT FOR EDUCATION, DEMOCRACY, AND PEACE. 294 18:56:09,536 --> 18:56:12,706 MORE INFORMATION AT CARNEGIE.ORG. 295 18:56:12,773 --> 18:56:17,678 AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INSTITUTIONS. 296 18:56:19,513 --> 18:56:23,951 THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS 297 18:56:24,017 --> 18:56:27,921 STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. 298 18:56:32,192 --> 18:56:34,528 ? >> YOU'RE WATCHING PBS. 299 18:56:43,270 --> 18:56:44,905 [CAPTIONING PERFORMED BY THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE, 300 18:56:44,972 --> 18:56:51,545 Debra Reid: So, it really is a ground swell WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS 301 19:00:01,635 --> 19:00:03,203 Debra Reid: So, it really is a ground swell 302 19:00:03,270 --> 19:00:06,473 of interest in especially rural and agricultural 303 19:00:06,540 --> 19:00:08,141 America. 304 19:00:08,208 --> 19:00:10,878 They're ready for a tractor that is going to 305 19:00:10,944 --> 19:00:15,315 be lightweight and relatively dependable. 306 19:00:15,382 --> 19:00:18,552 Neil Dahlstrom: And it's not until about 1913, 1914 307 19:00:18,619 --> 19:00:20,487 with the introduction of the Bull tractor, the 308 19:00:20,554 --> 19:00:23,757 gorgeous nightmare period, as one editor called it, 309 19:00:23,824 --> 19:00:26,393 where there was a small tractor built for the 310 19:00:26,460 --> 19:00:29,863 average sized farm, that changes everything. 311 19:00:29,930 --> 19:00:31,765 Christian Overland: And so, even though the 312 19:00:31,832 --> 19:00:34,568 tractor was a loss leader for Henry Ford, it was a 313 19:00:34,635 --> 19:00:37,671 value proposition that he felt the world needed to 314 19:00:37,738 --> 19:00:40,507 go into and he wasn't thinking about that amount 315 19:00:40,574 --> 19:00:43,210 of time as loss, he was thinking about that amount 316 19:00:43,277 --> 19:00:44,545 of time as investment. 317 19:00:44,611 --> 19:00:46,280 ?? 318 19:00:50,551 --> 19:00:52,219 During the first two decades of the 20th 319 19:00:52,286 --> 19:00:55,322 century, a war took place among agricultural 320 19:00:55,389 --> 19:00:58,225 implement companies to build a tractor that would 321 19:00:58,292 --> 19:01:01,028 replace horses, increase productivity and grow 322 19:01:01,094 --> 19:01:02,696 profits. 323 19:01:02,763 --> 19:01:05,232 Over a 20-year span, hundreds of companies 324 19:01:05,299 --> 19:01:07,601 would enter the tractor market. 325 19:01:07,668 --> 19:01:10,737 But three companies would emerge as market leaders. 326 19:01:10,804 --> 19:01:13,307 Farming was moving into the power age. 327 19:01:13,373 --> 19:01:15,042 ?? 328 19:01:21,548 --> 19:01:23,917 From the beginning of domesticated agriculture 329 19:01:23,984 --> 19:01:26,753 in the Middle East 9,000 years ago, farm labor was 330 19:01:26,820 --> 19:01:30,190 done using the muscles of humans and animals, 331 19:01:30,257 --> 19:01:33,126 turning the soil to prepare for planting, 332 19:01:33,193 --> 19:01:36,630 eliminating weeds and bringing in the harvest. 333 19:01:36,697 --> 19:01:39,399 Neil Dahlstrom: Basically, you're using horsepower, 334 19:01:39,466 --> 19:01:43,003 you're using oxen, you're using mule, but it's a 335 19:01:43,070 --> 19:01:45,706 single person, day-in, day-out drudgery, sun-up 336 19:01:45,772 --> 19:01:46,974 to sundown. 337 19:01:47,040 --> 19:01:48,742 It's just hard, backbreaking work. 338 19:01:48,809 --> 19:01:50,477 ?? 339 19:01:52,312 --> 19:01:54,481 In 1837, innovation came in the 340 19:01:54,548 --> 19:01:58,318 form of John Deere's self-scouring plow. 341 19:01:58,385 --> 19:02:01,188 The new tool could slash the time needed to prepare 342 19:02:01,255 --> 19:02:04,725 an acre from 96 hours to as few as five. 343 19:02:05,926 --> 19:02:08,629 The work, however, remained the same, a 344 19:02:08,695 --> 19:02:12,499 combination of manual and animal labor. 345 19:02:13,033 --> 19:02:15,736 At the time, America was rural, the economy 346 19:02:15,802 --> 19:02:17,471 agrarian. 347 19:02:18,038 --> 19:02:21,074 As late as 1870, more than half the population called 348 19:02:21,141 --> 19:02:23,143 themselves farmers. 349 19:02:23,577 --> 19:02:26,547 Those farmers used almost five million horses and 350 19:02:26,613 --> 19:02:30,617 mules in every kind of job that required power. 351 19:02:30,684 --> 19:02:34,488 The herd swelled to over 25 million in 1920 as the 352 19:02:34,555 --> 19:02:39,159 prairie of the Midwest was converted into farmland. 353 19:02:39,226 --> 19:02:42,629 As Native Americans who had lived in the Midwest 354 19:02:42,696 --> 19:02:44,331 for thousands of years were displaced by 355 19:02:44,398 --> 19:02:47,901 Europeans moving West, the steel plow broke the 356 19:02:47,968 --> 19:02:50,537 prairie and crops emerged. 357 19:02:51,505 --> 19:02:52,472 Christian Overland: The issue was how do you 358 19:02:52,539 --> 19:02:54,641 actually make it more effective growing more 359 19:02:54,708 --> 19:02:56,877 yield with less labor? 360 19:02:56,944 --> 19:02:59,746 That has always been the component, still is. 361 19:02:59,813 --> 19:03:02,583 And quality, quality of product. 362 19:03:02,649 --> 19:03:04,852 You get innovators, Yankee ingenuity, 363 19:03:04,918 --> 19:03:08,922 resourcefulness, the idea that you can actually make 364 19:03:08,989 --> 19:03:11,658 things better by actually inventing and trying 365 19:03:11,725 --> 19:03:12,926 things out. 366 19:03:12,993 --> 19:03:17,064 So, you have people like John Deere who basically 367 19:03:17,130 --> 19:03:19,633 was a blacksmith dealing with a problem that 368 19:03:19,700 --> 19:03:22,269 farmers were dealing with and that is plowing. 369 19:03:22,336 --> 19:03:24,104 ?? 370 19:03:24,171 --> 19:03:26,073 But horsepower had its limits. 371 19:03:26,139 --> 19:03:28,742 Horses were capable of heavy work for only a few 372 19:03:28,809 --> 19:03:32,145 hours of the day and required food and water, 373 19:03:32,212 --> 19:03:35,048 whether they were being worked or not. 374 19:03:35,115 --> 19:03:37,384 A productive tool for much of the year, they were 375 19:03:37,451 --> 19:03:40,120 mostly idle in the winter. 376 19:03:40,187 --> 19:03:44,124 Farmer productivity soared with the steel plow. 377 19:03:44,191 --> 19:03:46,894 Faster plowing increased demand for other horse 378 19:03:46,960 --> 19:03:49,129 drawn farm implements. 379 19:03:49,196 --> 19:03:51,899 Discs and harrows helped smooth fields after being 380 19:03:51,965 --> 19:03:53,567 plowed. 381 19:03:53,634 --> 19:03:55,969 Seeders and planters were faster and more effective 382 19:03:56,036 --> 19:03:58,772 than spreading seed by hand. 383 19:03:58,839 --> 19:04:02,809 Horse drawn cultivators helped eliminate weeds. 384 19:04:02,876 --> 19:04:06,480 Many inventors over the centuries had tried to 385 19:04:06,547 --> 19:04:08,215 mechanize harvest. 386 19:04:08,282 --> 19:04:10,350 But none solved the engineering puzzle until 387 19:04:10,417 --> 19:04:12,753 Cyrus McCormick in 1831. 388 19:04:14,188 --> 19:04:16,957 A blacksmith by trade, McCormick's reaper used 389 19:04:17,024 --> 19:04:19,426 the drive wheel to successfully transfer 390 19:04:19,493 --> 19:04:23,430 animal energy into mechanical movement that 391 19:04:23,497 --> 19:04:25,265 replaced hand labor. 392 19:04:25,332 --> 19:04:27,334 The simple act of cutting grain with a horizontal 393 19:04:27,401 --> 19:04:31,705 bar increased productivity exponentially. 394 19:04:31,772 --> 19:04:33,974 Later versions of the reaper would gather the 395 19:04:34,041 --> 19:04:37,878 grain into piles, then bind them into shocks. 396 19:04:37,945 --> 19:04:40,414 Work that had required a half dozen people could 397 19:04:40,480 --> 19:04:43,517 now be done by a single farmer and a pair of 398 19:04:43,584 --> 19:04:45,252 horses. 399 19:04:45,319 --> 19:04:48,722 Separating the grain from the stems still remained a 400 19:04:48,789 --> 19:04:50,958 manual labor challenge. 401 19:04:51,024 --> 19:04:52,693 ?? 402 19:04:53,694 --> 19:04:55,495 McCormick's invention of the reaper 403 19:04:55,562 --> 19:04:58,031 created demand for belt power to run threshing 404 19:04:58,098 --> 19:05:00,868 machines to produce the mechanically harvested 405 19:05:00,934 --> 19:05:02,536 grain. 406 19:05:02,603 --> 19:05:05,372 By 1847, McCormick had found enough sales 407 19:05:05,439 --> 19:05:08,375 momentum to move the company to Chicago. 408 19:05:08,442 --> 19:05:10,744 Steel plows, mowers, shellers and other 409 19:05:10,811 --> 19:05:15,048 machines were soon added to the McCormick catalog. 410 19:05:15,115 --> 19:05:18,185 McCormick Harvesting Machine Company rapidly 411 19:05:18,252 --> 19:05:22,022 grew into a manufacturing behemoth. 412 19:05:22,089 --> 19:05:23,624 Neil Dahlstrom: At the turn of the 20th century, 413 19:05:23,690 --> 19:05:26,393 you're coming out of the Gilded Age, it's an era of 414 19:05:26,460 --> 19:05:29,463 trusts and big business and the idea is we're 415 19:05:29,530 --> 19:05:31,832 going to build everything, we're going to build more 416 19:05:31,899 --> 19:05:33,600 of it, it's more profitable for the 417 19:05:33,667 --> 19:05:35,802 company, in theory it's a one-stop shop for the 418 19:05:35,869 --> 19:05:37,204 customer. 419 19:05:37,271 --> 19:05:39,273 And if you're building farm implements, the idea 420 19:05:39,339 --> 19:05:41,675 is simple -- we want you go to our dealership and 421 19:05:41,742 --> 19:05:44,411 buy everything from us and if you need repairs, 422 19:05:44,478 --> 19:05:46,580 you're going to come to us, if you need 423 19:05:46,647 --> 19:05:48,382 replacement parts, you're going to come to us. 424 19:05:48,448 --> 19:05:51,285 And so, that is the really simple philosophy behind a 425 19:05:51,351 --> 19:05:53,020 full line. 426 19:05:53,887 --> 19:05:55,355 International Harvester is really the first company 427 19:05:55,422 --> 19:05:58,158 to do it and they can do it because they've got 85% 428 19:05:58,225 --> 19:06:00,694 market share in the harvesting business, which 429 19:06:00,761 --> 19:06:02,963 is by far the most profitable business if 430 19:06:03,030 --> 19:06:04,932 you're in the farm equipment business. 431 19:06:04,998 --> 19:06:06,466 And then everyone else is racing to catch up and 432 19:06:06,533 --> 19:06:07,501 survive. 433 19:06:07,568 --> 19:06:09,236 ?? 434 19:06:11,271 --> 19:06:14,241 Cyrus McCormick died in 1884 having 435 19:06:14,308 --> 19:06:16,276 witnessed the mechanization of 436 19:06:16,343 --> 19:06:19,413 agriculture and earning vast wealth. 437 19:06:19,479 --> 19:06:22,583 His sons Cyrus Jr. and Harold would take control 438 19:06:22,649 --> 19:06:24,551 of the growing company. 439 19:06:24,618 --> 19:06:28,722 A merger would expand the company's footprint. 440 19:06:28,789 --> 19:06:30,390 Neil Dahlstrom: In the early 20th century, after 441 19:06:30,457 --> 19:06:32,526 the formation of International Harvester in 442 19:06:32,593 --> 19:06:34,828 1902, they're the fourth or fifth largest company 443 19:06:34,895 --> 19:06:36,363 in the United States. 444 19:06:36,430 --> 19:06:38,332 So, you're talking U.S. 445 19:06:38,398 --> 19:06:41,468 Steel, American Tobacco, International Harvester, 446 19:06:41,535 --> 19:06:43,403 farm equipment manufacturer. 447 19:06:43,470 --> 19:06:45,539 They're a hundred million dollar a year business. 448 19:06:45,606 --> 19:06:47,541 John Deere is a three million dollar a year 449 19:06:47,608 --> 19:06:48,642 business. 450 19:06:48,709 --> 19:06:49,943 We're not comparing the same thing when it comes 451 19:06:50,010 --> 19:06:51,545 to size or resources. 452 19:06:51,612 --> 19:06:53,280 ?? 453 19:06:55,215 --> 19:06:57,251 The power output of the steam engine was 454 19:06:57,317 --> 19:07:01,054 revolutionizing economies around the world. 455 19:07:01,121 --> 19:07:03,957 Factories drew workers from the countryside into 456 19:07:04,024 --> 19:07:05,926 ever-growing cities. 457 19:07:05,993 --> 19:07:09,129 Steam power moved boats on rivers and drove trains 458 19:07:09,196 --> 19:07:11,965 ever further into the countryside. 459 19:07:12,032 --> 19:07:15,235 Steam power also reduced months of hand threshing 460 19:07:15,302 --> 19:07:17,437 to a single day's work. 461 19:07:18,005 --> 19:07:22,309 Operating a wheat thresher in 1870 required up to 13 462 19:07:22,376 --> 19:07:26,180 men who could thresh 300 bushels per day. 463 19:07:27,080 --> 19:07:30,651 By the 1890s, giant steam-driven threshers 464 19:07:30,717 --> 19:07:34,354 could process 1,000 bushels per day. 465 19:07:34,421 --> 19:07:35,856 ?? 466 19:07:35,923 --> 19:07:38,091 Threshing day was often a working holiday on 467 19:07:38,158 --> 19:07:40,561 the farm and if a photographer was hired to 468 19:07:40,627 --> 19:07:43,497 document the work, a photograph of the setup 469 19:07:43,564 --> 19:07:48,669 often did double duty as a formal family portrait. 470 19:07:48,735 --> 19:07:53,073 By 1900, more than 30 firms were manufacturing 471 19:07:53,140 --> 19:07:57,177 5,000 steam-powered tractors every year. 472 19:07:57,244 --> 19:07:59,947 The appearance of steam power required large 473 19:08:00,013 --> 19:08:03,684 capital, large capital required more acres and 474 19:08:03,750 --> 19:08:06,286 higher yields to pay the larger mortgages. 475 19:08:06,353 --> 19:08:08,021 ?? 476 19:08:10,724 --> 19:08:13,427 But the downsides of steam were overwhelmed 477 19:08:13,493 --> 19:08:14,995 by the benefits. 478 19:08:15,062 --> 19:08:17,531 Continuous portable power was available for 479 19:08:17,598 --> 19:08:19,800 important jobs on the farm. 480 19:08:19,867 --> 19:08:22,336 Yet the price of steam power and specific 481 19:08:22,402 --> 19:08:26,640 function limited sales to only the largest of farms. 482 19:08:26,707 --> 19:08:29,109 Neil Dahlstrom: So, it's not a huge booming market. 483 19:08:29,176 --> 19:08:31,144 It has got its role and its place. 484 19:08:31,211 --> 19:08:33,914 But it gives people this idea that we can do more 485 19:08:33,981 --> 19:08:35,649 with more power. 486 19:08:36,083 --> 19:08:38,385 And that is really where the idea of the gasoline 487 19:08:38,452 --> 19:08:40,921 or the kerosene powered tractor comes from. 488 19:08:40,988 --> 19:08:42,656 ?? 489 19:08:43,156 --> 19:08:44,791 Many thought steam was the last word in 490 19:08:44,858 --> 19:08:46,693 engine technology. 491 19:08:46,760 --> 19:08:50,197 But when the Otto gas engine appeared in 1877, 492 19:08:50,264 --> 19:08:53,967 it revealed the potential of small portable engines. 493 19:08:54,034 --> 19:08:56,470 It provided instant power at a time when their 494 19:08:56,537 --> 19:08:59,506 larger steam siblings required long warmup 495 19:08:59,573 --> 19:09:01,241 cycles. 496 19:09:01,308 --> 19:09:04,978 Otto's patent expired in 1889 and hundreds of 497 19:09:05,045 --> 19:09:07,714 machines powered by a portable gas engine 498 19:09:07,781 --> 19:09:09,249 appeared on the market. 499 19:09:09,316 --> 19:09:10,918 ?? 500 19:09:10,984 --> 19:09:12,653 Neil Dahlstrom: So now that tech is available 501 19:09:12,719 --> 19:09:13,820 to everyone. 502 19:09:13,887 --> 19:09:15,389 So now all of a sudden you can have a one and a half 503 19:09:15,455 --> 19:09:17,391 horsepower, a three-horsepower 504 19:09:17,457 --> 19:09:18,559 stationary engine. 505 19:09:18,625 --> 19:09:20,827 Maybe it's on wheels so you can move it around. 506 19:09:20,894 --> 19:09:24,131 Now you can run a single hole corn sheller or a 507 19:09:24,198 --> 19:09:26,600 washing machine or an irrigation pump. 508 19:09:26,667 --> 19:09:28,669 So now you have power. 509 19:09:28,735 --> 19:09:30,404 ?? 510 19:09:33,507 --> 19:09:37,411 The improvement in productivity was dramatic. 511 19:09:37,477 --> 19:09:39,613 The United States Department of Agriculture 512 19:09:39,680 --> 19:09:43,550 estimates that in 1822, 60 hours of labor could 513 19:09:43,617 --> 19:09:46,286 produce 20 bushels of wheat. 514 19:09:46,687 --> 19:09:50,457 By 1890, steam power cut the hours needed down to 515 19:09:50,524 --> 19:09:51,859 eight. 516 19:09:51,925 --> 19:09:54,228 As steam brought efficiencies to 517 19:09:54,294 --> 19:09:57,130 agriculture, Henry Ford considered how he could 518 19:09:57,197 --> 19:10:00,467 reduce the drudgery of farm work. 519 19:10:00,534 --> 19:10:01,735 Debra Reid: There are a couple of things in his 520 19:10:01,802 --> 19:10:04,238 childhood that I think were formational or 521 19:10:04,304 --> 19:10:05,372 foundational. 522 19:10:05,439 --> 19:10:08,108 One of the things Ford sees this Nichols and 523 19:10:08,175 --> 19:10:11,478 Sheppard steam engine and he is fascinated by it and 524 19:10:11,545 --> 19:10:15,449 that prompted him to want to learn more about steam 525 19:10:15,516 --> 19:10:16,817 and the power of steam. 526 19:10:16,884 --> 19:10:20,754 He actually goes to pursue this as a career with his 527 19:10:20,821 --> 19:10:22,155 father's blessing. 528 19:10:22,222 --> 19:10:24,424 He becomes an apprentice in a machine shop. 529 19:10:24,491 --> 19:10:28,028 But then about 1882, he is back on the farm and that 530 19:10:28,095 --> 19:10:31,532 is when he repairs this Westinghouse steam engine 531 19:10:31,598 --> 19:10:33,700 that was used by a threshing crew in his 532 19:10:33,767 --> 19:10:35,335 area. 533 19:10:35,402 --> 19:10:38,238 And those two things give him confidence and really 534 19:10:38,305 --> 19:10:41,742 galvanize his efforts to become more of an 535 19:10:41,808 --> 19:10:45,946 industrialist or a machinist than a farmer. 536 19:10:46,513 --> 19:10:48,182 ?? 537 19:10:50,450 --> 19:10:52,286 But an agrarian lifestyle did not appeal 538 19:10:52,352 --> 19:10:55,756 to Ford and he returned to Detroit and began working 539 19:10:55,822 --> 19:10:59,793 as an engineer for inventor Thomas Edison. 540 19:10:59,860 --> 19:11:02,462 Ford tinkered with steam and gasoline engines in 541 19:11:02,529 --> 19:11:04,131 his spare time. 542 19:11:04,198 --> 19:11:08,068 In the 1890s, farm implement manufacturers 543 19:11:08,135 --> 19:11:10,671 began building internal combustion engines that 544 19:11:10,737 --> 19:11:14,341 mimic the output of steam traction engines, but with 545 19:11:14,408 --> 19:11:17,411 a smaller footprint and lower cost. 546 19:11:17,477 --> 19:11:21,048 These machines can drive grain threshers using a 547 19:11:21,114 --> 19:11:24,084 belt drive in the same way as steam engines and were 548 19:11:24,151 --> 19:11:27,154 also capable of plowing fields in the spring, 549 19:11:27,221 --> 19:11:30,123 doubling their versatility on the farm. 550 19:11:30,190 --> 19:11:31,758 ?? 551 19:11:31,825 --> 19:11:32,960 Neil Dahlstrom: You can maybe hook it up 552 19:11:33,026 --> 19:11:34,695 to run a threshing machine or something that is going 553 19:11:34,761 --> 19:11:37,598 to be fairly stationary, but they are built for 554 19:11:37,664 --> 19:11:38,732 plowing. 555 19:11:38,799 --> 19:11:40,868 So, it's a huge investment to make, just to plow, 556 19:11:40,934 --> 19:11:43,003 and then you put the tractor away for the rest 557 19:11:43,070 --> 19:11:44,304 of the season. 558 19:11:44,371 --> 19:11:46,473 So, it's not very economical in those terms. 559 19:11:46,540 --> 19:11:48,942 There was a short period of time on these big farms 560 19:11:49,009 --> 19:11:51,979 where big prairie tractors were great. 561 19:11:52,045 --> 19:11:55,082 It was kind of the gateway to what the industry would 562 19:11:55,148 --> 19:11:56,016 become. 563 19:11:56,083 --> 19:11:57,751 ?? 564 19:12:00,888 --> 19:12:02,456 Iowans John Froelich built the first 565 19:12:02,523 --> 19:12:04,992 gasoline tractor in 1892. 566 19:12:06,193 --> 19:12:09,062 It successfully worked a thresher in South Dakota 567 19:12:09,129 --> 19:12:12,466 for 50 consecutive days in temperatures that ranged 568 19:12:12,533 --> 19:12:15,936 from over 100 degrees to minus three degrees below 569 19:12:16,003 --> 19:12:17,538 zero. 570 19:12:17,604 --> 19:12:22,109 It became the forerunner of the Waterloo Boy. 571 19:12:22,176 --> 19:12:24,711 Two engineering graduates from the University of 572 19:12:24,778 --> 19:12:28,782 Wisconsin, Charles Hart and Charles Paar 573 19:12:28,849 --> 19:12:32,019 introduced their first tractor in 1902 and by 574 19:12:32,085 --> 19:12:35,389 1906 were producing half the tractors sold in the 575 19:12:35,455 --> 19:12:37,124 United States. 576 19:12:37,591 --> 19:12:40,994 In 1907, there were roughly 600 tractors on 577 19:12:41,061 --> 19:12:44,531 American farms, 200 were Hart-Paar. 578 19:12:45,399 --> 19:12:47,134 ?? 579 19:12:47,201 --> 19:12:48,869 ?? 580 19:12:51,939 --> 19:12:53,674 Dozens of other manufacturers were 581 19:12:53,740 --> 19:12:56,176 introducing similar vehicles to capture the 582 19:12:56,243 --> 19:12:58,712 demand for power farming. 583 19:12:59,112 --> 19:13:01,515 Many would sell a few tractors, then fall into 584 19:13:01,582 --> 19:13:04,918 bankruptcy, unable to harvest enough revenue to 585 19:13:04,985 --> 19:13:08,789 cover the enormous manufacturing costs. 586 19:13:08,856 --> 19:13:12,125 One company that found success at building 587 19:13:12,192 --> 19:13:14,294 tractors already had a track record of 588 19:13:14,361 --> 19:13:16,597 profitability in farm implements. 589 19:13:16,663 --> 19:13:19,199 The McCormick Harvesting Machine Company was a 590 19:13:19,266 --> 19:13:21,768 leader in the sale of farm tools and implements in 591 19:13:21,835 --> 19:13:23,337 1902. 592 19:13:23,403 --> 19:13:25,072 ?? 593 19:13:30,744 --> 19:13:32,980 A merger between the McCormick Harvesting 594 19:13:33,046 --> 19:13:36,416 Machine Company, the Deering Harvester Company 595 19:13:36,483 --> 19:13:38,819 and three smaller firms had created the 596 19:13:38,886 --> 19:13:41,588 International Harvester Company. 597 19:13:41,655 --> 19:13:44,258 The new firm was the fourth largest company in 598 19:13:44,324 --> 19:13:48,395 the United States and had a global reach. 599 19:13:48,462 --> 19:13:52,232 IHC controlled 80% of farm implement production in 600 19:13:52,299 --> 19:13:56,069 the United States and was vertically integrated. 601 19:13:56,136 --> 19:13:59,706 The company owned iron works, twine factories, 602 19:13:59,773 --> 19:14:03,076 huge stands of timber, sawmills, coal and iron 603 19:14:03,143 --> 19:14:04,411 mines. 604 19:14:04,478 --> 19:14:07,247 It even owned the Illinois Northern Railroad, which 605 19:14:07,314 --> 19:14:09,816 moved materials and finished equipment in and 606 19:14:09,883 --> 19:14:12,553 out of its sprawling factory complex on the 607 19:14:12,619 --> 19:14:14,755 south side of Chicago. 608 19:14:15,122 --> 19:14:16,790 ?? 609 19:14:19,459 --> 19:14:23,330 By 1900, much of the tough prairie soil had 610 19:14:23,397 --> 19:14:26,800 been broken and row crop farming had become the 611 19:14:26,867 --> 19:14:29,803 norm across much of the Midwest. 612 19:14:29,870 --> 19:14:32,406 While the wheat fields of Canada and the prairie 613 19:14:32,472 --> 19:14:34,975 states could utilize the large steam engines for 614 19:14:35,042 --> 19:14:37,978 plowing and threshing, demand for a smaller 615 19:14:38,045 --> 19:14:41,949 tractor for smaller farms was on the rise. 616 19:14:42,416 --> 19:14:45,586 Rather than pulling 12 plows at once, farmers in 617 19:14:45,652 --> 19:14:49,323 the Midwest only needed to pull two or three plows at 618 19:14:49,389 --> 19:14:51,124 a time. 619 19:14:51,191 --> 19:14:54,628 A 1910 study of horse plowing estimated a farmer 620 19:14:54,695 --> 19:14:57,898 following a single horse drawn plow walked over 621 19:14:57,965 --> 19:15:00,634 eight miles per acre plowed. 622 19:15:01,068 --> 19:15:03,937 The market for a faster, less taxing method of 623 19:15:04,004 --> 19:15:06,573 tilling the soil was enormous. 624 19:15:06,640 --> 19:15:08,308 ?? 625 19:15:11,545 --> 19:15:15,482 IHC was ready to capture this new market. 626 19:15:15,549 --> 19:15:18,218 Company owners put their cash, experience and 627 19:15:18,285 --> 19:15:21,121 designs to work in the development of gas and 628 19:15:21,188 --> 19:15:23,957 kerosene powered tractors. 629 19:15:24,024 --> 19:15:27,294 International Harvester launched the Titan and 630 19:15:27,361 --> 19:15:29,830 Mogul brands of tractors. 631 19:15:29,897 --> 19:15:32,432 The machines were lighter and more maneuverable and 632 19:15:32,499 --> 19:15:36,236 could pull multiple plows in most conditions. 633 19:15:36,303 --> 19:15:40,440 By 1910, even with the high cost of each unit, 634 19:15:40,507 --> 19:15:43,544 the Titan line accounted for half of the new 635 19:15:43,610 --> 19:15:46,847 tractors being used in the United States. 636 19:15:46,914 --> 19:15:48,582 ?? 637 19:15:51,952 --> 19:15:54,888 This was also the era of populous politics 638 19:15:54,955 --> 19:15:57,457 and a public that was weary of large 639 19:15:57,524 --> 19:15:59,293 corporations. 640 19:15:59,359 --> 19:16:02,062 International Harvester was found guilty of using 641 19:16:02,129 --> 19:16:07,000 its monopoly power against its competitors in 1912. 642 19:16:07,067 --> 19:16:09,870 The company was forced to divest some of their 643 19:16:09,937 --> 19:16:13,240 subsidiary companies, sell off some alternate brands 644 19:16:13,307 --> 19:16:16,276 and cut parts of their dealer network. 645 19:16:16,343 --> 19:16:19,246 In the long run, the legal decision was a win for 646 19:16:19,313 --> 19:16:21,148 International. 647 19:16:21,215 --> 19:16:23,517 The government was only able to show damages to 648 19:16:23,584 --> 19:16:27,421 its industry competitors and not its customers, 649 19:16:27,487 --> 19:16:31,225 setting the stage for 40 years of market dominance. 650 19:16:31,291 --> 19:16:32,960 ?? 651 19:16:34,061 --> 19:16:35,729 ?? 652 19:16:37,264 --> 19:16:38,999 The rapid pace of tractor innovation 653 19:16:39,066 --> 19:16:41,735 hid a growing conflict between International 654 19:16:41,802 --> 19:16:45,639 Harvester President Cyrus McCormick, Jr. and John 655 19:16:45,706 --> 19:16:49,009 Deere President William Butterworth. 656 19:16:49,076 --> 19:16:51,478 Both companies were working to complete a full 657 19:16:51,545 --> 19:16:53,647 line of equipment for their dealers. 658 19:16:53,714 --> 19:16:56,350 The goal was to capture farmers' business from 659 19:16:56,416 --> 19:16:59,887 machines to repair to replacement parts. 660 19:16:59,953 --> 19:17:01,622 ?? 661 19:17:03,557 --> 19:17:04,892 Neil Dahlstrom: Really this era for me 662 19:17:04,958 --> 19:17:07,327 starts with a series of meetings between William 663 19:17:07,394 --> 19:17:09,196 Butterworth at John Deere and Cyrus McCormick, 664 19:17:09,263 --> 19:17:11,698 Jr. at International Harvester. 665 19:17:11,765 --> 19:17:14,334 Deere is trying to build a full line. 666 19:17:14,401 --> 19:17:16,236 International Harvester knows it. 667 19:17:16,303 --> 19:17:19,206 Neither one of them wants to tip their hand and so 668 19:17:19,273 --> 19:17:21,141 they have a phone call, then a face-to-face 669 19:17:21,208 --> 19:17:24,611 meeting and Butterworth says, no we're not going 670 19:17:24,678 --> 19:17:27,981 to go into the harvesting business, and Harvester 671 19:17:28,048 --> 19:17:31,852 says, okay, but if you do, we're going to go into the 672 19:17:31,919 --> 19:17:36,723 plow business, basically destroying a 70-plus year 673 19:17:36,790 --> 19:17:38,492 kind of gentleman's agreement between the two 674 19:17:38,559 --> 19:17:39,993 companies. 675 19:17:40,060 --> 19:17:41,762 Well, we know that Deere is going into the 676 19:17:41,828 --> 19:17:44,198 harvesting business and we know that International 677 19:17:44,264 --> 19:17:46,300 Harvester has already bought a plow company just 678 19:17:46,366 --> 19:17:47,434 in case. 679 19:17:47,501 --> 19:17:49,169 ?? 680 19:17:50,170 --> 19:17:52,806 Many late 19th century tractor designs 681 19:17:52,873 --> 19:17:55,609 mimicked popular implements that placed the 682 19:17:55,676 --> 19:17:57,811 farmer behind horses. 683 19:17:58,111 --> 19:18:00,214 Engineers at a company that was eventually 684 19:18:00,280 --> 19:18:05,185 absorbed by International Harvester mounted an 1891 685 19:18:05,252 --> 19:18:08,088 Deering engine on a new ideal mower. 686 19:18:08,155 --> 19:18:11,158 It became the first self-propelled implement. 687 19:18:11,225 --> 19:18:14,027 While it wasn't a tractor, what became known as a 688 19:18:14,094 --> 19:18:18,298 motor cultivator was an early step in that design. 689 19:18:18,365 --> 19:18:20,033 ?? 690 19:18:20,968 --> 19:18:22,636 ?? 691 19:18:24,271 --> 19:18:26,139 Before the development of Henry 692 19:18:26,206 --> 19:18:28,709 Ford's assembly line, industry had been hobbled 693 19:18:28,775 --> 19:18:32,079 by a lack of standards and precision. 694 19:18:32,145 --> 19:18:34,615 Each part was unique to each machine, making 695 19:18:34,681 --> 19:18:39,253 fabrication inconsistent and repairs difficult. 696 19:18:39,319 --> 19:18:41,955 The assembly line forced standardization of parts 697 19:18:42,022 --> 19:18:43,690 manufacturing. 698 19:18:44,091 --> 19:18:46,627 International Harvester took a page from Ford's 699 19:18:46,693 --> 19:18:49,930 book and put the practices to work. 700 19:18:50,330 --> 19:18:53,767 The race to introduce a practical tractor brought 701 19:18:53,834 --> 19:18:56,537 a variety of machines to market. 702 19:18:56,603 --> 19:18:59,406 An early success was the Bull. 703 19:18:59,940 --> 19:19:03,510 Introduced in 1913, its three-wheeled design 704 19:19:03,577 --> 19:19:06,413 helped make the machine light and cheap. 705 19:19:06,480 --> 19:19:09,750 It was an immediate hit with farmers and nearly 706 19:19:09,816 --> 19:19:12,619 cornered the tractor market. 707 19:19:14,788 --> 19:19:18,125 Sales of IH tractors plummeted 76%. 708 19:19:19,626 --> 19:19:21,495 While the Bull was underpowered and could 709 19:19:21,562 --> 19:19:24,898 roll over on hills, it proved there was a market 710 19:19:24,965 --> 19:19:28,168 for lighter, more agile tractors. 711 19:19:28,235 --> 19:19:31,004 But the early success for Bull was overtaken by 712 19:19:31,071 --> 19:19:34,641 manufacturing problems and new competitors. 713 19:19:34,708 --> 19:19:39,146 By 1918, the Bull had been driven into bankruptcy. 714 19:19:41,148 --> 19:19:44,284 The Fordson, Henry Ford's entry, was exponentially 715 19:19:44,351 --> 19:19:46,019 more successful. 716 19:19:55,395 --> 19:19:58,198 Wisconsin, watching along 717 19:19:58,265 --> 19:20:00,734 And, you know, thinkings. 718 19:20:01,101 --> 19:20:03,570 one of those programs that 719 19:20:04,004 --> 19:20:06,573 Wisconsin is, right? It's a 720 19:20:09,076 --> 19:20:11,545 about the kind of thingary 721 19:20:12,279 --> 19:20:14,948 about this in history class. 722 19:20:15,782 --> 19:20:18,118 thought about, you know, 723 19:20:18,819 --> 19:20:20,787 the history of the tractor. 724 19:20:20,854 --> 19:20:23,190 foundational element of 725 19:20:25,659 --> 19:20:28,228 of Midwest culture. And so, 726 19:20:29,563 --> 19:20:32,032 Wisconsin that dives deep 727 19:20:32,399 --> 19:20:34,268 something that you justbout 728 19:20:34,334 --> 19:20:37,037 otherwise. Right. That's 729 19:20:37,104 --> 19:20:39,773 Wisconsin, and it's exactly 730 19:20:40,340 --> 19:20:42,809 PBS Wisconsin if programs 731 19:20:43,810 --> 19:20:46,146 find anywhere else onn't 732 19:20:46,513 --> 19:20:48,315 You got to call that number 733 19:20:48,382 --> 19:20:50,050 (800) 236-3636. 734 19:20:53,620 --> 19:20:55,856 and I'm a member of theon 735 19:20:56,890 --> 19:20:59,359 here at PBS Wisconsin. And 736 19:21:00,260 --> 19:21:02,829 PBS Wisconsin and join usth 737 19:21:03,330 --> 19:21:05,666 be happy to provide a gift 738 19:21:07,334 --> 19:21:09,803 We've got some great gifts 739 19:21:10,170 --> 19:21:12,606 deepen your understanding 740 19:21:12,673 --> 19:21:15,242 this program. So at the $10 741 19:21:15,309 --> 19:21:17,878 can choose either the DVDou 742 19:21:18,779 --> 19:21:21,248 you're watching or thehat 743 19:21:22,683 --> 19:21:24,885 will give a deep diveich 744 19:21:24,952 --> 19:21:27,754 Look into more detailsapter. 745 19:21:28,355 --> 19:21:30,390 that you're learning about. 746 19:21:30,457 --> 19:21:32,793 you will receive both the 747 19:21:34,728 --> 19:21:37,064 a thank you. And then if as 748 19:21:39,299 --> 19:21:41,535 month level, we'll be5 a 749 19:21:43,704 --> 19:21:46,240 with even more. You'll getu 750 19:21:46,306 --> 19:21:48,876 book. You'll also receive a 751 19:21:50,544 --> 19:21:53,046 hat, and a nice color, and 752 19:21:53,113 --> 19:21:55,682 So this mug is also prettyg. 753 19:21:57,084 --> 19:21:59,786 tractors on it. Nice size, 754 19:21:59,853 --> 19:22:01,989 It'd be great with your 755 19:22:02,856 --> 19:22:05,192 morning. So give us a call 756 19:22:07,594 --> 19:22:09,263 >> Hi, I'm Michael 757 19:22:09,696 --> 19:22:12,165 here at PBS Wisconsin, and 758 19:22:12,833 --> 19:22:15,369 programs like this to you. 759 19:22:15,435 --> 19:22:17,971 interesting because when 760 19:22:18,038 --> 19:22:20,607 1911, 1912, right in there, 761 19:22:21,141 --> 19:22:23,610 when my grandfather wasme 762 19:22:24,344 --> 19:22:26,914 purchased in Wisconsin. So 763 19:22:29,483 --> 19:22:31,952 he was doing at the time.at 764 19:22:33,987 --> 19:22:36,323 emotional. I'm just aing 765 19:22:37,724 --> 19:22:40,060 I want to talk to you about 766 19:22:41,261 --> 19:22:43,964 is an ongoing support. It's 767 19:22:44,031 --> 19:22:46,600 support to PBS Wisconsin by 768 19:22:47,835 --> 19:22:50,170 your checking account or 769 19:22:50,604 --> 19:22:52,840 thing is, you remain ine 770 19:22:55,042 --> 19:22:57,511 member. I decide when to. I 771 19:22:59,346 --> 19:23:01,682 increased it recently. That 772 19:23:01,748 --> 19:23:03,984 decrease it or end it if I 773 19:23:04,751 --> 19:23:07,187 Sustaining membership is 774 19:23:07,254 --> 19:23:09,857 your opportunity to become 775 19:23:09,923 --> 19:23:12,259 1-800-236-3636.mber at 776 19:23:15,162 --> 19:23:17,464 why for a moment, right?he 777 19:23:17,531 --> 19:23:20,000 you're not yet a member off 778 19:23:20,367 --> 19:23:22,402 You're watching Tractor are. 779 19:23:22,469 --> 19:23:24,805 You didn't have to pay,t. 780 19:23:25,239 --> 19:23:27,474 up the phone and give usk 781 19:23:28,609 --> 19:23:31,078 want you to think about isI 782 19:23:32,412 --> 19:23:34,882 Wisconsin, the P and PBSBS 783 19:23:34,948 --> 19:23:37,417 your help, we can keep with 784 19:23:39,152 --> 19:23:41,722 accountable to the public, 785 19:23:43,490 --> 19:23:45,826 serving your interestsy 786 19:23:47,961 --> 19:23:50,330 providing the money to make 787 19:23:50,397 --> 19:23:52,866 that sounds so simple, but 788 19:23:53,233 --> 19:23:55,469 aspect in the mediaique 789 19:23:57,271 --> 19:23:59,873 quite like that. And it'ss 790 19:23:59,940 --> 19:24:02,075 precisely because you 791 19:24:03,510 --> 19:24:05,579 already a member, thank you. 792 19:24:05,646 --> 19:24:07,814 member all the more, thank 793 19:24:07,881 --> 19:24:10,217 is the time to join us. now 794 19:24:13,687 --> 19:24:15,189 >> That's right. Now is the 795 19:24:15,255 --> 19:24:17,958 enjoying the film thatu're 796 19:24:18,025 --> 19:24:20,260 tonight by becoming aus 797 19:24:21,428 --> 19:24:23,864 love to thank you with that 798 19:24:23,931 --> 19:24:26,500 month level, you can choose 799 19:24:27,201 --> 19:24:29,436 receive as a thank you or 800 19:24:31,371 --> 19:24:33,607 I've got to say that this 801 19:24:34,808 --> 19:24:36,710 as well. It's reallyivating 802 19:24:36,777 --> 19:24:38,912 America. The colors are 803 19:24:38,979 --> 19:24:41,215 book would make a greate 804 19:24:42,082 --> 19:24:44,218 life who loves tractors. 805 19:24:44,284 --> 19:24:46,753 level, you will receive as 806 19:24:47,321 --> 19:24:49,556 and the book, and then at 807 19:24:51,525 --> 19:24:53,994 love to thank you with thed 808 19:24:56,296 --> 19:24:58,866 the PBS Wisconsin hat,Wars 809 19:25:00,601 --> 19:25:03,003 got to be worn outside,t's 810 19:25:03,070 --> 19:25:05,305 someone you know has aif 811 19:25:05,706 --> 19:25:08,275 like this to, to be wearing, 812 19:25:08,342 --> 19:25:11,144 be great. And then included 813 19:25:11,211 --> 19:25:13,680 is the Tractor Wars mug. So 814 19:25:15,749 --> 19:25:17,417 1-800-236-3636. 815 19:25:20,687 --> 19:25:22,856 you about some of thelling 816 19:25:22,923 --> 19:25:25,626 you gifts that you can getk 817 19:25:25,692 --> 19:25:27,961 membership. But there are 818 19:25:28,028 --> 19:25:30,364 member. Generally,t as a 819 19:25:30,430 --> 19:25:32,933 member, for example, wills 820 19:25:33,000 --> 19:25:35,569 which comes to you 12 times, 821 19:25:36,303 --> 19:25:38,772 find out what's on the air, 822 19:25:39,706 --> 19:25:42,242 month, and get someor the 823 19:25:42,309 --> 19:25:45,045 about some of the programs, 824 19:25:45,112 --> 19:25:47,347 going on here at PBSties 825 19:25:48,549 --> 19:25:51,218 benefit of membership isfic 826 19:25:52,753 --> 19:25:55,422 a considerable largepens up 827 19:25:57,724 --> 19:25:59,960 streaming that you canr 828 19:26:02,129 --> 19:26:04,531 member, you just log in,a 829 19:26:04,598 --> 19:26:06,934 things, things from long 830 19:26:09,469 --> 19:26:12,105 things that haven't made it 831 19:26:12,172 --> 19:26:14,641 a good and interestingeally 832 19:26:14,708 --> 19:26:16,944 Passport. Another good 833 19:26:17,744 --> 19:26:20,214 member at any level at here 834 19:26:21,114 --> 19:26:23,450 number is (800)2 363636. 835 19:26:27,688 --> 19:26:29,823 Michael was just saying is 836 19:26:29,890 --> 19:26:32,559 Because PBS Wisconsin isn't 837 19:26:33,760 --> 19:26:36,096 pocketed sponsor. Itsep 838 19:26:37,197 --> 19:26:39,433 It's the fact thatbers. 839 19:26:40,234 --> 19:26:42,569 Wisconsin families aref 840 19:26:43,537 --> 19:26:45,873 in what they can to makeng 841 19:26:46,406 --> 19:26:48,642 all of us. Maybe you cano 842 19:26:50,377 --> 19:26:52,713 which case you'll get the 843 19:26:54,381 --> 19:26:56,316 hearing about. Maybe youst 844 19:26:56,383 --> 19:26:58,952 that. There's a there's aan 845 19:27:00,454 --> 19:27:02,556 with PBS Wisconsin, right? 846 19:27:02,623 --> 19:27:05,192 action that we all benefite 847 19:27:05,893 --> 19:27:08,228 can. That's the public of 848 19:27:09,763 --> 19:27:11,999 what we need to sustain, 849 19:27:12,599 --> 19:27:14,801 wonderful show of support 850 19:27:14,868 --> 19:27:17,604 with the federal fundingme 851 19:27:17,671 --> 19:27:20,140 sustain it because public 852 19:27:20,641 --> 19:27:23,210 year as it did last year,s 853 19:27:23,277 --> 19:27:25,112 just as much next year.r 854 19:27:25,179 --> 19:27:26,847 1-800-236-3636. 855 19:27:29,216 --> 19:27:31,451 you join us as a member of 856 19:27:33,253 --> 19:27:35,355 do tonight, we have theseou 857 19:27:35,422 --> 19:27:37,658 you as a thank you. We've 858 19:27:38,325 --> 19:27:40,794 the program that you'reD, 859 19:27:41,595 --> 19:27:43,897 again and again at home or 860 19:27:43,964 --> 19:27:46,533 and love the Tractor Warsow 861 19:27:46,867 --> 19:27:49,102 at that level. At $15 ase 862 19:27:49,770 --> 19:27:52,105 both of these. And then at 863 19:27:52,940 --> 19:27:55,275 we've got the DVD for you, 864 19:27:56,810 --> 19:27:59,479 exclusive Tractor Wars mug. 865 19:28:01,215 --> 19:28:03,450 are these folks in youro 866 19:28:03,851 --> 19:28:06,186 gift it to? Give us a callo 867 19:28:09,089 --> 19:28:10,357 >> We're going to go back 868 19:28:10,424 --> 19:28:12,893 moment, and we're going to 869 19:28:13,327 --> 19:28:15,329 probably have met him, you 870 19:28:15,395 --> 19:28:17,731 we've been hearing about 871 19:28:18,332 --> 19:28:20,667 of the tractor and how ity 872 19:28:21,001 --> 19:28:23,237 And then Ford comes into 873 19:28:23,770 --> 19:28:26,006 things even more. It'ss 874 19:28:26,306 --> 19:28:28,976 about what happens. Andtory 875 19:28:29,443 --> 19:28:32,112 we love to share with youat 876 19:28:32,179 --> 19:28:34,648 do consider now becoming a 877 19:28:35,949 --> 19:28:38,519 watch the program knowingd 878 19:28:39,486 --> 19:28:41,822 (800)2 three, six, 3636. 879 19:28:44,157 --> 19:28:50,397 get this Fordson released to meet more demand, there [MUSIC] 880 19:28:50,464 --> 19:28:53,901 get this Fordson released to meet more demand, there 881 19:28:53,967 --> 19:28:58,739 are about 124 companies producing about 30,000 882 19:28:58,805 --> 19:29:03,410 tractors a year and those companies are all more or 883 19:29:03,477 --> 19:29:07,481 less operating with farm implement frame of mind. 884 19:29:07,548 --> 19:29:10,484 And that means they're not individually developed, 885 19:29:10,551 --> 19:29:12,452 but they're constantly trying to figure out okay, 886 19:29:12,519 --> 19:29:15,155 how do we lighten it with still retaining the 887 19:29:15,222 --> 19:29:16,790 structure? 888 19:29:16,857 --> 19:29:18,692 With all due respect, they're like blips on a 889 19:29:18,759 --> 19:29:23,397 screen because none of them have the capital to 890 19:29:23,463 --> 19:29:28,335 invest in the research and development that Ford has. 891 19:29:28,402 --> 19:29:31,238 And that research and development pay off in 892 19:29:31,305 --> 19:29:33,507 this product that transforms the entire 893 19:29:33,574 --> 19:29:35,375 tractor industry. 894 19:29:35,442 --> 19:29:39,313 Making tractors is harder than it looks financially. 895 19:29:39,379 --> 19:29:41,315 When you've got a company like International 896 19:29:41,381 --> 19:29:44,852 Harvester leading in the ag equipment business and 897 19:29:44,918 --> 19:29:48,355 their brand comes through reapers and other 898 19:29:48,422 --> 19:29:50,791 agricultural technologies. 899 19:29:50,858 --> 19:29:53,694 But yes, International Harvester was maybe one of 900 19:29:53,760 --> 19:29:58,732 124, but it was leading in the ag implement business. 901 19:29:58,799 --> 19:30:00,467 ?? 902 19:30:02,436 --> 19:30:03,737 Sales at International Harvester 903 19:30:03,804 --> 19:30:06,840 rebounded as Bull tractor sales fell. 904 19:30:06,907 --> 19:30:11,245 By 1916, IH had taken back its 40% market share. 905 19:30:12,546 --> 19:30:16,517 That year, those 124 companies sold a combined 906 19:30:16,583 --> 19:30:18,252 63,000 machines. 907 19:30:20,621 --> 19:30:22,155 ?? 908 19:30:22,222 --> 19:30:23,891 (nature sounds) 909 19:30:24,525 --> 19:30:25,526 But horses still dominated 910 19:30:25,592 --> 19:30:27,394 the farm economy. 911 19:30:27,461 --> 19:30:31,932 The 1920 farm census showed 246,000 tractors on 912 19:30:32,699 --> 19:30:37,204 American farms, but 26 million horses still did 913 19:30:37,271 --> 19:30:39,806 the majority of the work. 914 19:30:39,873 --> 19:30:43,143 The USDA estimated that buying a tractor saved a 915 19:30:43,210 --> 19:30:47,514 farmer around 250 hours of horse care per year. 916 19:30:47,581 --> 19:30:51,118 The math was now shifting towards power farming. 917 19:30:51,185 --> 19:30:52,853 (plow sounds) 918 19:30:53,187 --> 19:30:54,855 ?? 919 19:30:55,489 --> 19:30:56,523 International continued to 920 19:30:56,590 --> 19:30:59,126 drive much of the industry's growth. 921 19:30:59,193 --> 19:31:03,263 Their MD 8-16 featured three forward speeds and 922 19:31:03,330 --> 19:31:06,767 an optional power takeoff for powered implements. 923 19:31:06,834 --> 19:31:09,536 It was the first IH tractor built on an 924 19:31:09,603 --> 19:31:10,838 assembly line. 925 19:31:10,904 --> 19:31:12,973 But production problems kept the model from 926 19:31:13,040 --> 19:31:14,641 meeting demand. 927 19:31:14,708 --> 19:31:18,111 The company knew Ford was gaining ground and rather 928 19:31:18,178 --> 19:31:20,814 than compete with the Fordson directly, they 929 19:31:20,881 --> 19:31:23,884 moved towards a higher quality machine that was 930 19:31:23,951 --> 19:31:26,954 easy to maintain and promised a long working 931 19:31:27,020 --> 19:31:28,455 life. 932 19:31:28,522 --> 19:31:30,891 (machine belt running) 933 19:31:30,958 --> 19:31:32,593 The primary enemy of tractors 934 19:31:32,659 --> 19:31:34,328 was dust. 935 19:31:34,862 --> 19:31:37,831 Bearings and transmissions were mostly unsealed. 936 19:31:37,898 --> 19:31:42,269 The average life of some models was only 12 months. 937 19:31:42,336 --> 19:31:45,606 Farmers would buy a tractor for $1,000, about 938 19:31:45,672 --> 19:31:50,043 $30,000 today, and end up paying as much as $400 for 939 19:31:50,110 --> 19:31:54,381 maintenance, a little more than $12,000 today. 940 19:31:54,448 --> 19:31:56,884 Despite paying nearly one-third of the purchase 941 19:31:56,950 --> 19:32:01,221 price in repair costs, tractor sales skyrocketed 942 19:32:01,288 --> 19:32:04,858 from 21,000 in 1915 to 200,000 in 1920. 943 19:32:06,960 --> 19:32:08,629 ?? 944 19:32:09,796 --> 19:32:11,932 The year before the Bull's demise, Henry 945 19:32:11,999 --> 19:32:15,235 Ford put his Fordson on the market. 946 19:32:15,836 --> 19:32:19,206 The four-wheeled tractor found immediate success. 947 19:32:19,273 --> 19:32:21,408 But the Board of Directors was dismayed with Ford's 948 19:32:21,475 --> 19:32:24,645 single-minded obsession with his tractor project. 949 19:32:24,711 --> 19:32:26,380 ?? 950 19:32:27,214 --> 19:32:28,182 Christian Overland: Henry Ford who 951 19:32:28,248 --> 19:32:29,516 had his little prototype going in the Piquette 952 19:32:29,583 --> 19:32:31,852 plant is now running the Highland Park plant in 953 19:32:31,919 --> 19:32:34,821 Detroit, making automobiles and Model Ts 954 19:32:34,888 --> 19:32:35,889 at that point. 955 19:32:35,956 --> 19:32:37,958 He gave up on the other things and just became 956 19:32:38,025 --> 19:32:40,627 singular-minded and his Board tells him no. 957 19:32:40,694 --> 19:32:43,931 The Dodge Brothers were on his board too and they 958 19:32:43,997 --> 19:32:47,501 said, no, no, they're cool to that one. 959 19:32:47,568 --> 19:32:50,204 It's like, stay the line, we're making money, Henry, 960 19:32:50,270 --> 19:32:51,738 build the Model T. 961 19:32:51,805 --> 19:32:53,473 So, what does Henry do? 962 19:32:53,540 --> 19:32:56,210 He makes his own company and he calls it Ford and 963 19:32:56,276 --> 19:32:57,811 Son. 964 19:32:57,878 --> 19:33:00,848 Ford was over a decade in on his automotive assembly 965 19:33:00,914 --> 19:33:04,351 line as he targeted the tractor business. 966 19:33:04,418 --> 19:33:05,786 Debra Reid: Ford was always looking for that 967 19:33:05,853 --> 19:33:07,521 next effort. 968 19:33:08,288 --> 19:33:12,559 But he has had the tractor in his mind this whole 969 19:33:12,626 --> 19:33:14,995 time, that notion of putting things on wheels 970 19:33:15,062 --> 19:33:17,130 that are self-propelled. 971 19:33:17,197 --> 19:33:20,000 So, he is experimenting with tractors before the 972 19:33:20,067 --> 19:33:24,538 Model T is finalized and Ford actually calls the 973 19:33:25,239 --> 19:33:27,774 tractor the automotive plow. 974 19:33:27,841 --> 19:33:31,645 They use a Model B, as in boy, engine and an 975 19:33:32,679 --> 19:33:35,849 automotive radiator and back wheels of a grain 976 19:33:35,916 --> 19:33:38,418 binder and front wheels of a steam engine and put 977 19:33:38,485 --> 19:33:40,220 this piece together. 978 19:33:40,287 --> 19:33:42,089 And they're constantly trying to figure out, can 979 19:33:42,155 --> 19:33:44,391 you use an automotive engine to move this 980 19:33:44,458 --> 19:33:46,026 automotive plow? 981 19:33:46,093 --> 19:33:49,096 It takes them a decade before they figure out 982 19:33:49,162 --> 19:33:53,700 that no, the tractor needs a different engine, a 983 19:33:53,767 --> 19:33:58,672 different frame, but it is ultimately an automotive 984 19:33:58,739 --> 19:34:00,307 assembly line process. 985 19:34:00,374 --> 19:34:02,042 ?? 986 19:34:03,343 --> 19:34:06,713 In 1915, Ford secretly purchased 2,000 987 19:34:06,780 --> 19:34:09,616 acres near Dearborn, Michigan with the idea of 988 19:34:09,683 --> 19:34:11,785 building the world's largest industrial 989 19:34:11,852 --> 19:34:13,520 complex. 990 19:34:13,587 --> 19:34:15,422 He hoped that what eventually became his 991 19:34:15,489 --> 19:34:18,425 River Rouge facility would build a million vehicles 992 19:34:18,492 --> 19:34:20,160 per year. 993 19:34:20,694 --> 19:34:23,330 Ford wanted to cut out suppliers and middle men. 994 19:34:23,397 --> 19:34:26,099 Every element of the car and tractor would be 995 19:34:26,166 --> 19:34:27,835 created on site. 996 19:34:28,435 --> 19:34:31,605 The reception of the Fordson was based more on 997 19:34:31,672 --> 19:34:35,309 its reputation than the merits of the machine. 998 19:34:35,375 --> 19:34:39,346 Gas Powered magazine wrote in 1916, nothing 999 19:34:39,413 --> 19:34:43,150 spectacular or unusual in its performance. 1000 19:34:43,217 --> 19:34:45,953 Most would have taken the machine without question 1001 19:34:46,019 --> 19:34:48,922 just because it was built by Henry Ford. 1002 19:34:48,989 --> 19:34:50,657 ?? 1003 19:34:52,125 --> 19:34:53,827 While the market was ready for a new 1004 19:34:53,894 --> 19:34:57,764 tractor, Ford still wanted to experiment and refine. 1005 19:34:57,831 --> 19:34:59,733 His tinkering was stopped by the U.S. 1006 19:34:59,800 --> 19:35:02,369 declaration of war in 1917. 1007 19:35:03,704 --> 19:35:07,007 An outspoken pacifist, Ford had campaigned for an 1008 19:35:07,074 --> 19:35:08,709 end to the war. 1009 19:35:08,775 --> 19:35:11,845 His Ford Motor Company had refused to build war 1010 19:35:11,912 --> 19:35:15,849 materials for any country engaged in the conflict. 1011 19:35:15,916 --> 19:35:19,253 However, once America entered the war, Ford 1012 19:35:19,319 --> 19:35:22,956 Motor Company's factories supported the effort and 1013 19:35:23,023 --> 19:35:25,659 the contracts that came with it. 1014 19:35:25,726 --> 19:35:28,629 Tanks, trucks and other vehicles streamed off the 1015 19:35:28,695 --> 19:35:32,733 assembly lines until the Armistice was declared 18 1016 19:35:32,799 --> 19:35:34,067 months later. 1017 19:35:34,134 --> 19:35:35,802 ?? 1018 19:35:37,404 --> 19:35:40,174 The power of the Ford name had already been 1019 19:35:40,240 --> 19:35:44,111 seen in a contract signed with the United Kingdom. 1020 19:35:44,178 --> 19:35:47,414 Britain had been fighting in Europe for three years 1021 19:35:47,481 --> 19:35:50,083 with no resolution in sight. 1022 19:35:50,150 --> 19:35:51,818 The country was desperate for tractors after 1023 19:35:51,885 --> 19:35:54,955 millions of farmhands went to France and Belgium to 1024 19:35:55,022 --> 19:35:56,290 fight. 1025 19:35:56,356 --> 19:35:59,526 The British Ministry of Munitions ordered 6,000 1026 19:35:59,593 --> 19:36:02,596 Fordson's sight unseen in 1917. 1027 19:36:03,630 --> 19:36:05,199 ?? 1028 19:36:05,265 --> 19:36:06,667 Debra Reid: They're munitions 1029 19:36:06,733 --> 19:36:09,970 tractors, so M-O-M is the term that they go by and 1030 19:36:10,037 --> 19:36:12,873 those went exclusively to Great Britain. 1031 19:36:12,940 --> 19:36:15,576 But Henry Ford does not release for U.S. 1032 19:36:15,642 --> 19:36:19,112 domestic purchase until early 1918. 1033 19:36:20,647 --> 19:36:23,183 Sometimes farms adopted the farm engines before 1034 19:36:23,250 --> 19:36:27,354 they purchased an automobile and sometimes 1035 19:36:27,421 --> 19:36:28,655 they did both before they purchased a tractor and 1036 19:36:28,722 --> 19:36:30,757 sometimes they purchased them all together. 1037 19:36:30,824 --> 19:36:34,761 So, it really is a ground swell of interest in 1038 19:36:34,828 --> 19:36:38,031 especially rural and agricultural America. 1039 19:36:38,098 --> 19:36:41,168 They're ready for a tractor that is going to 1040 19:36:41,235 --> 19:36:44,171 be lightweight and relatively dependable. 1041 19:36:44,238 --> 19:36:45,906 ?? 1042 19:36:47,007 --> 19:36:48,809 The Fordson presented a compelling 1043 19:36:48,876 --> 19:36:51,144 financial picture to farmers. 1044 19:36:51,211 --> 19:36:54,381 Compared to a team of horses, plowing was 40% 1045 19:36:54,448 --> 19:36:57,150 cheaper with a tractor, and the job could be 1046 19:36:57,217 --> 19:37:00,387 completed in one-quarter of the time. 1047 19:37:00,454 --> 19:37:04,258 In April of 1918, the 7,000 Fordsons were 1048 19:37:05,325 --> 19:37:07,861 delivered to the United Kingdom. 1049 19:37:07,928 --> 19:37:10,030 Henry Ford then opened sales to the U.S. 1050 19:37:10,097 --> 19:37:14,101 market and nearly double the orders flowed in. 1051 19:37:14,168 --> 19:37:17,437 Over 50,000 tractors were delivered worldwide by 1052 19:37:17,504 --> 19:37:19,173 June of that year. 1053 19:37:20,174 --> 19:37:24,511 Priced at $795, the Fordson was well above the 1054 19:37:24,578 --> 19:37:27,714 planned and announced $200 goal. 1055 19:37:28,615 --> 19:37:31,585 The Fordson nameplate was chosen because the Ford 1056 19:37:31,652 --> 19:37:34,388 Motor Company Board of Directors still hadn't 1057 19:37:34,454 --> 19:37:36,924 signed off on the project. 1058 19:37:36,990 --> 19:37:40,294 In order to focus on the tractor business, Henry 1059 19:37:40,360 --> 19:37:43,130 Ford surprised his board by stepping down from the 1060 19:37:43,197 --> 19:37:46,533 presidency of the Ford Motor Company in December 1061 19:37:46,600 --> 19:37:48,268 1918. 1062 19:37:48,902 --> 19:37:51,238 Ford then ran his tractor business with the same 1063 19:37:51,305 --> 19:37:55,242 narrow margins that he used for his Model T. 1064 19:37:55,309 --> 19:37:58,478 Volume and market share mattered over profits. 1065 19:37:58,545 --> 19:38:01,281 80,000 tractors were quickly sold in the first 1066 19:38:01,348 --> 19:38:04,685 two years and farmers began to push the limits 1067 19:38:04,751 --> 19:38:06,987 of their new machines. 1068 19:38:07,054 --> 19:38:09,356 Other tractor manufacturers avoided 1069 19:38:09,423 --> 19:38:12,726 direct competition with the Fordson, positioning 1070 19:38:12,793 --> 19:38:16,063 themselves as different in some way, better at 1071 19:38:16,129 --> 19:38:19,700 plowing, more durable, or able to do more jobs on 1072 19:38:19,766 --> 19:38:21,502 the farm. 1073 19:38:21,568 --> 19:38:24,905 Over at John Deere, Butterworth watched Ford's 1074 19:38:24,972 --> 19:38:28,141 rising market share and grew concerned about his 1075 19:38:28,208 --> 19:38:30,444 competitor's success. 1076 19:38:30,511 --> 19:38:33,347 Neil Dahlstrom: Fordson was very scary to American 1077 19:38:33,413 --> 19:38:35,415 tractor manufacturers at this period in time. 1078 19:38:35,482 --> 19:38:38,986 And we see this, Ford debuts his tractor at a 1079 19:38:39,052 --> 19:38:41,388 farm show in Freemont, Nebraska in 1916 and 1080 19:38:41,455 --> 19:38:44,458 immediately after that we see letters from William 1081 19:38:44,525 --> 19:38:47,628 Butterworth of, alright, let's slow down, I'm 1082 19:38:47,694 --> 19:38:49,963 opposed to this tractor business. 1083 19:38:50,030 --> 19:38:52,232 What he means is, we're not going to build 1084 19:38:52,299 --> 19:38:54,168 tractors, we're not going to invest in a new factory 1085 19:38:54,234 --> 19:38:56,803 because we're not going to compete with Henry Ford on 1086 19:38:56,870 --> 19:38:59,606 things like price, on volume. 1087 19:38:59,673 --> 19:39:02,109 And so, it kind of changes Deere's perspective on 1088 19:39:02,176 --> 19:39:04,912 things, which is how do we build and design something 1089 19:39:04,978 --> 19:39:07,414 that doesn't directly compete with the Fordson? 1090 19:39:07,481 --> 19:39:09,883 We want something that maybe pulls three plows. 1091 19:39:09,950 --> 19:39:11,818 So, it's a different segment of the market. 1092 19:39:11,885 --> 19:39:13,287 We're going to carve out a different niche so we're 1093 19:39:13,353 --> 19:39:14,988 not directly competing. 1094 19:39:15,055 --> 19:39:17,057 Debra Reid: It outsells International Harvester, 1095 19:39:17,124 --> 19:39:19,726 which had led in tractor sales up to that point. 1096 19:39:19,793 --> 19:39:21,461 ?? 1097 19:39:22,362 --> 19:39:23,997 Despite early farmer approval, the 1098 19:39:24,064 --> 19:39:26,300 Fordson had drawbacks. 1099 19:39:27,034 --> 19:39:30,170 Like most tractors, it was too low to the ground to 1100 19:39:30,237 --> 19:39:33,774 cultivate cotton or corn and had no power takeoff 1101 19:39:33,841 --> 19:39:36,810 to drive harvesting implements. 1102 19:39:36,877 --> 19:39:38,512 Debra Reid: Farmers are seeking something to 1103 19:39:38,579 --> 19:39:42,216 replace the labor needed on the farm, dependable 1104 19:39:42,282 --> 19:39:45,986 power source and affordable operation. 1105 19:39:46,053 --> 19:39:48,755 All those things require a transition on the farm, 1106 19:39:48,822 --> 19:39:52,292 but this is the time when farmers need it. 1107 19:39:52,359 --> 19:39:56,263 Every horse that was replaced by a tractor 1108 19:39:57,164 --> 19:40:00,200 allowed the farmer to put five more acres into 1109 19:40:00,267 --> 19:40:02,169 arable production. 1110 19:40:02,536 --> 19:40:04,838 So, Ford claimed that the Fordson tractor was really 1111 19:40:04,905 --> 19:40:08,141 a three to four horse replacement. 1112 19:40:08,675 --> 19:40:12,679 And suddenly you've got 10, 15, 20 more acres. 1113 19:40:12,746 --> 19:40:16,383 It is also standardized as a two-plow tractor. 1114 19:40:16,450 --> 19:40:20,754 And for expanding row crop agriculture, it satisfied 1115 19:40:20,821 --> 19:40:22,489 an intense need. 1116 19:40:22,556 --> 19:40:24,224 ?? 1117 19:40:24,892 --> 19:40:27,361 Fordson sales put IHC on the ropes and 1118 19:40:27,427 --> 19:40:30,664 quickly devoured their market share. 1119 19:40:30,731 --> 19:40:35,302 By 1923, 100,000 Fordson tractors were rolling off 1120 19:40:35,369 --> 19:40:37,171 the line annually. 1121 19:40:37,504 --> 19:40:42,042 And Fordson commanded a 76% share of the market. 1122 19:40:42,109 --> 19:40:46,213 But by 1925, sales of the Fordson were beginning to 1123 19:40:46,280 --> 19:40:47,981 slide. 1124 19:40:48,048 --> 19:40:51,118 At the same time, the Model T, essentially 1125 19:40:51,185 --> 19:40:54,388 unchanged since its debut 18 years earlier, was 1126 19:40:54,454 --> 19:40:57,157 fading against its competitors. 1127 19:40:57,224 --> 19:41:00,661 Ford and Fordson both had to change. 1128 19:41:00,727 --> 19:41:02,396 ?? 1129 19:41:06,834 --> 19:41:09,903 For John Deere, the way to a full line had 1130 19:41:09,970 --> 19:41:12,272 been one of small steps. 1131 19:41:12,339 --> 19:41:14,675 The John Deere Board had approved its preliminary 1132 19:41:14,741 --> 19:41:17,277 designs for a three-wheeled project 1133 19:41:17,344 --> 19:41:20,414 called the tractor plow in 1912. 1134 19:41:20,480 --> 19:41:22,449 Company engineer C.H. 1135 19:41:22,516 --> 19:41:25,853 Melvin produced the first units the same year. 1136 19:41:25,919 --> 19:41:28,922 By 1914, it became apparent to the John Deere 1137 19:41:28,989 --> 19:41:31,558 Board that it had three options in the tractor 1138 19:41:31,625 --> 19:41:35,128 business, start a new company or division, 1139 19:41:35,195 --> 19:41:38,799 contract with or buy an existing tractor company, 1140 19:41:38,866 --> 19:41:41,568 or contract to buy the various components and 1141 19:41:41,635 --> 19:41:45,405 assemble tractors under the John Deere name. 1142 19:41:45,472 --> 19:41:49,343 As the board considered its options, Joseph Dain, 1143 19:41:49,409 --> 19:41:52,179 another of the company's engineers spearheading 1144 19:41:52,246 --> 19:41:55,749 tractor development, added the B-2 to the Deere 1145 19:41:55,816 --> 19:41:57,384 design menu. 1146 19:41:57,451 --> 19:41:59,520 In what would eventually become a mainstay for 1147 19:41:59,586 --> 19:42:03,090 Deere, his first Model B was even smaller than 1148 19:42:03,156 --> 19:42:06,460 Melvin's machine and utilized a four-cylinder 1149 19:42:06,527 --> 19:42:07,761 engine. 1150 19:42:07,828 --> 19:42:09,496 ?? 1151 19:42:09,796 --> 19:42:10,664 Neil Dahlstrom: There's a lot of 1152 19:42:10,731 --> 19:42:12,065 experiments going on at John Deere. 1153 19:42:12,132 --> 19:42:14,101 I've often been asked, why was Deere so late getting 1154 19:42:14,168 --> 19:42:15,602 into the tractor business? 1155 19:42:15,669 --> 19:42:18,038 So, there's a lot going into the mix here and 1156 19:42:18,105 --> 19:42:21,375 Deere just couldn't quite figure out where they 1157 19:42:21,441 --> 19:42:24,945 wanted to build that machine and what it was 1158 19:42:25,012 --> 19:42:26,213 going to look like. 1159 19:42:26,280 --> 19:42:27,948 ?? 1160 19:42:28,849 --> 19:42:31,652 The Deere Board of Directors knew that the 1161 19:42:31,718 --> 19:42:34,488 early prototypes were going to be expensive to 1162 19:42:34,555 --> 19:42:36,690 manufacture and sell. 1163 19:42:37,090 --> 19:42:39,026 They also knew they would struggle to compete 1164 19:42:39,092 --> 19:42:41,995 directly with the lighter, cheaper, Bull-style 1165 19:42:42,062 --> 19:42:44,731 tractors and motor cultivators already on the 1166 19:42:44,798 --> 19:42:46,166 market. 1167 19:42:46,233 --> 19:42:49,203 Rather than cut corners, Deere chose to take the 1168 19:42:49,269 --> 19:42:52,573 high-quality route, regardless of price and 1169 19:42:52,639 --> 19:42:56,243 hoped that the reputation for durability would win 1170 19:42:56,310 --> 19:42:57,744 the day. 1171 19:42:57,811 --> 19:42:59,246 ?? 1172 19:42:59,313 --> 19:43:00,781 Deere engineers took inspiration from past 1173 19:43:00,848 --> 19:43:03,750 designs, looking closely at various motor 1174 19:43:03,817 --> 19:43:07,087 cultivators and the Moline Plow Company's Moline 1175 19:43:07,154 --> 19:43:08,989 Universal. 1176 19:43:09,056 --> 19:43:11,792 The Deere Board approved the building of 25 1177 19:43:11,859 --> 19:43:15,395 machines based on motor cultivators and called 1178 19:43:15,462 --> 19:43:17,364 them tractivators. 1179 19:43:18,131 --> 19:43:20,634 Design and testing of these prototypes revealed 1180 19:43:20,701 --> 19:43:23,370 the sale price would be $475. 1181 19:43:24,938 --> 19:43:28,075 The machine did offer a savings on labor, the but 1182 19:43:28,141 --> 19:43:31,411 numbers revealed no real savings over horses. 1183 19:43:31,478 --> 19:43:33,113 ?? 1184 19:43:33,180 --> 19:43:34,281 Neil Dahlstrom: There were a couple of 1185 19:43:34,348 --> 19:43:36,016 really loud voices at John Deere that were advocates 1186 19:43:36,083 --> 19:43:37,150 for the farm tractor. 1187 19:43:37,217 --> 19:43:38,585 One was Willard Velie. 1188 19:43:38,652 --> 19:43:40,487 So, this is John Deere's grandson. 1189 19:43:40,554 --> 19:43:44,791 He is the CEO of a very successful automobile 1190 19:43:44,858 --> 19:43:47,494 company, the Velie Automobile Company. 1191 19:43:47,561 --> 19:43:49,863 He thinks the tractor is the future. 1192 19:43:49,930 --> 19:43:52,666 You've got George Mixter who is the Superintendent 1193 19:43:52,733 --> 19:43:54,501 of Factories at John Deere. 1194 19:43:54,568 --> 19:43:57,037 Deere builds a full line, buys all of these 1195 19:43:57,104 --> 19:43:58,772 companies and you've got to get them all to work 1196 19:43:58,839 --> 19:44:00,107 together and he is doing this and he is a huge 1197 19:44:00,174 --> 19:44:01,074 advocate. 1198 19:44:01,141 --> 19:44:03,010 So, you've got these pockets. 1199 19:44:03,076 --> 19:44:05,245 But then you have someone like our CEO William 1200 19:44:05,312 --> 19:44:09,516 Butterworth who says, yes tractors are the right 1201 19:44:09,583 --> 19:44:12,186 track, but I can't convince any bankers to 1202 19:44:12,252 --> 19:44:14,688 loan us any more money for development. 1203 19:44:14,755 --> 19:44:18,725 And also, they know that Henry Ford is coming and 1204 19:44:18,792 --> 19:44:21,061 that scares everybody because he has resources 1205 19:44:21,128 --> 19:44:24,431 and capital and all the things that John Deere 1206 19:44:24,498 --> 19:44:25,699 doesn't have as a company. 1207 19:44:25,766 --> 19:44:27,434 ?? 1208 19:44:28,402 --> 19:44:30,270 After gathering their resources and making 1209 19:44:30,337 --> 19:44:34,908 a few designs, the tractor plan suffers setback. 1210 19:44:34,975 --> 19:44:39,680 In 1917, Dain, the chief architect of the B-2, died 1211 19:44:39,746 --> 19:44:42,482 from pneumonia he contracted while testing 1212 19:44:42,549 --> 19:44:43,817 his tractor. 1213 19:44:43,884 --> 19:44:47,354 Visionary company engineer Theo Brown is transferred 1214 19:44:47,421 --> 19:44:51,859 off the program and into military manufacturing. 1215 19:44:51,925 --> 19:44:54,828 The tractor project was in peril and without 1216 19:44:54,895 --> 19:44:56,597 momentum. 1217 19:44:56,663 --> 19:44:59,199 Knowing that Ford was on his way to dominating the 1218 19:44:59,266 --> 19:45:01,969 market, the board of directors finally 1219 19:45:02,035 --> 19:45:05,572 committed to building a tractor of their own. 1220 19:45:05,639 --> 19:45:09,910 By June of 1918, the first 50 Dain tractors were 1221 19:45:09,977 --> 19:45:11,645 completed. 1222 19:45:11,712 --> 19:45:14,848 Velie was still concerned the tractor program was 1223 19:45:14,915 --> 19:45:19,253 too timid and pushed to either go big or get out. 1224 19:45:20,153 --> 19:45:21,855 Neil Dahlstrom: So basically, the people who 1225 19:45:21,922 --> 19:45:24,358 are controlling the purse strings are saying, we 1226 19:45:24,424 --> 19:45:26,660 have to be very careful how we go about this 1227 19:45:26,727 --> 19:45:29,763 because we can't lose everything for this 1228 19:45:29,830 --> 19:45:32,699 speculative new technology and that is the way they 1229 19:45:32,766 --> 19:45:33,967 viewed it. 1230 19:45:34,034 --> 19:45:36,403 So, William Butterworth I think was in both camps. 1231 19:45:36,470 --> 19:45:39,506 He was saying, let's do it, let's put the brakes 1232 19:45:39,573 --> 19:45:41,675 on until the time is right. 1233 19:45:41,742 --> 19:45:44,411 And that was the scary part, which is there's not 1234 19:45:44,478 --> 19:45:46,580 a huge market, now all of a sudden we go from 10 1235 19:45:46,647 --> 19:45:49,650 companies building tractors to 100 and we 1236 19:45:49,716 --> 19:45:52,052 don't think a lot of those are very good. 1237 19:45:52,119 --> 19:45:54,688 And so that is detrimental to the industry as well 1238 19:45:54,755 --> 19:45:56,390 and we don't want to be another one. 1239 19:45:56,456 --> 19:45:57,758 ?? 1240 19:45:57,824 --> 19:45:59,259 Even as the board members argued about the 1241 19:45:59,326 --> 19:46:02,596 direction of the tractor program, they were not shy 1242 19:46:02,663 --> 19:46:05,032 about seizing the moment. 1243 19:46:05,098 --> 19:46:07,501 Deere purchased the Waterloo Gas Engine 1244 19:46:07,568 --> 19:46:11,338 Company and its popular Waterloo Boy Model N in 1245 19:46:11,405 --> 19:46:13,073 1918. 1246 19:46:13,373 --> 19:46:17,077 The purchase price was over $2 million, an 1247 19:46:17,144 --> 19:46:20,414 acquisition that made sense to the board. 1248 19:46:20,480 --> 19:46:22,216 Neil Dahlstrom: The Waterloo Boy tractor kept 1249 19:46:22,282 --> 19:46:24,218 coming up in these field tests where they said, oh 1250 19:46:24,284 --> 19:46:26,753 that's a good tractor, yep, we're hearing good 1251 19:46:26,820 --> 19:46:28,856 things about that, okay we're going to test one 1252 19:46:28,922 --> 19:46:30,224 and that's good. 1253 19:46:30,290 --> 19:46:32,526 They weren't necessarily in the market to acquire a 1254 19:46:32,593 --> 19:46:34,728 tractor manufacturer. 1255 19:46:34,795 --> 19:46:38,265 But in 1918, the opportunity came up. 1256 19:46:38,799 --> 19:46:42,202 It seems like a very quick acquisition, which is in a 1257 19:46:42,269 --> 19:46:44,538 period of a few months and there is a lot going on 1258 19:46:44,605 --> 19:46:46,974 behind the scenes of shareholders saying, we're 1259 19:46:47,040 --> 19:46:49,476 for sale, but if you don't decide tomorrow we're 1260 19:46:49,543 --> 19:46:50,911 pulling our stock and we're not going to be for 1261 19:46:50,978 --> 19:46:54,014 sale and you have six or seven years of development 1262 19:46:54,081 --> 19:46:56,850 under your belt, you know what you're looking for, 1263 19:46:56,917 --> 19:46:59,419 you know it's really hard to do and you see an 1264 19:46:59,486 --> 19:47:03,223 opportunity, they took it and all of a sudden John 1265 19:47:03,290 --> 19:47:05,526 Deere was full-fledged in the tractor business, 1266 19:47:05,592 --> 19:47:08,095 buying a company that was selling over 5,000 1267 19:47:08,161 --> 19:47:09,396 tractors a year. 1268 19:47:09,463 --> 19:47:10,731 ?? 1269 19:47:10,797 --> 19:47:12,466 The Waterloo Boy burned kerosene, which was 1270 19:47:12,533 --> 19:47:14,968 cheaper than gasoline, and it had a simple 1271 19:47:15,035 --> 19:47:18,338 two-cylinder engine that was more durable than the 1272 19:47:18,405 --> 19:47:21,341 four-cylinder engines Deere had been using in 1273 19:47:21,408 --> 19:47:22,676 its prototypes. 1274 19:47:22,743 --> 19:47:25,746 And as a three-plow tractor, it didn't compete 1275 19:47:25,812 --> 19:47:29,316 directly with the two plow Fordson. 1276 19:47:29,383 --> 19:47:32,519 Deere management believed the Waterloo Boy did 50% 1277 19:47:32,586 --> 19:47:35,722 more work per day than other tractors, which 1278 19:47:35,789 --> 19:47:39,793 justified the higher price of $1000 per unit. 1279 19:47:39,860 --> 19:47:43,497 But in 1919, Deere was splitting its focus 1280 19:47:43,564 --> 19:47:47,167 between horse implements and machine power. 1281 19:47:47,234 --> 19:47:50,270 For many farmers, a tractor was viewed as 1282 19:47:50,337 --> 19:47:53,674 being an expensive option because 90% of the farm's 1283 19:47:53,740 --> 19:47:56,510 power still came from horses. 1284 19:47:56,577 --> 19:47:58,245 ?? 1285 19:47:58,679 --> 19:48:00,981 Tractors brought pluses and minuses to farm 1286 19:48:01,048 --> 19:48:02,549 production. 1287 19:48:02,616 --> 19:48:05,953 They offered a chance to put more land into use. 1288 19:48:06,019 --> 19:48:08,522 Typically, one-quarter of a farm's acres were 1289 19:48:08,589 --> 19:48:10,757 devoted to feeding horses. 1290 19:48:10,824 --> 19:48:14,428 Practical application had already proven a tractor 1291 19:48:14,494 --> 19:48:18,432 could plow up to 75% more acres per day than horses. 1292 19:48:18,498 --> 19:48:21,268 Once those acres were released into production, 1293 19:48:21,335 --> 19:48:24,204 they contributed to a crop surplus, reducing the 1294 19:48:24,271 --> 19:48:26,507 prices paid to farmers. 1295 19:48:27,407 --> 19:48:30,878 Tractors also reduced the need for farm labor. 1296 19:48:30,944 --> 19:48:33,847 The children of farmers were freed up to choose 1297 19:48:33,914 --> 19:48:36,984 between remaining on the farm or seeking work in 1298 19:48:37,050 --> 19:48:38,752 the cities. 1299 19:48:38,819 --> 19:48:41,522 A steady depopulation of rural America that had 1300 19:48:41,588 --> 19:48:44,758 begun during the Civil War was further fueled by the 1301 19:48:44,825 --> 19:48:47,494 increase in mechanization. 1302 19:48:56,970 --> 19:48:59,072 Wisconsin, and I hope 1303 19:48:59,139 --> 19:49:01,675 program. Tractor Wars as 1304 19:49:01,742 --> 19:49:03,877 getting to dive in andy 1305 19:49:04,678 --> 19:49:07,247 culture. And if you are,est 1306 19:49:08,949 --> 19:49:11,518 your financial support for 1307 19:49:12,219 --> 19:49:14,788 on PBS Wisconsin. Becauses 1308 19:49:15,689 --> 19:49:18,358 Current PBS Wisconsinreak. 1309 19:49:19,726 --> 19:49:22,296 donation to match yours.ra 1310 19:49:23,997 --> 19:49:26,667 1-800-236-3636 during this 1311 19:49:28,802 --> 19:49:31,138 will be doubled and we are 1312 19:49:32,840 --> 19:49:35,175 this break. I want to hear 1313 19:49:36,710 --> 19:49:39,179 know what? This program is 1314 19:49:40,647 --> 19:49:42,883 special. This kind of is 1315 19:49:43,650 --> 19:49:45,886 And the best way to let us 1316 19:49:46,453 --> 19:49:48,589 for you is to give us ase 1317 19:49:49,389 --> 19:49:51,859 >> And just like David, I'm 1318 19:49:53,594 --> 19:49:55,929 this film. Tractor Wars.ith 1319 19:49:55,996 --> 19:49:58,232 things about PBSvorite 1320 19:49:58,532 --> 19:50:01,168 me kind of craving more and 1321 19:50:01,235 --> 19:50:03,270 if you're one of thoseAnd 1322 19:50:03,337 --> 19:50:05,873 curiosity piqued, thenheir 1323 19:50:05,939 --> 19:50:08,542 gift for you. The Tractorou 1324 19:50:08,609 --> 19:50:11,178 chapter deep dive into ally 1325 19:50:11,945 --> 19:50:14,081 covering the same time 1326 19:50:14,448 --> 19:50:16,917 get a lot more information 1327 19:50:17,518 --> 19:50:20,187 questions answered. So at 1328 19:50:20,254 --> 19:50:22,589 you with the Tractor Wars 1329 19:50:23,757 --> 19:50:25,993 $15 a month. We'll thank 1330 19:50:28,562 --> 19:50:31,031 the DVD. Now, you'veok and 1331 19:50:32,566 --> 19:50:34,768 maybe be thinking about who 1332 19:50:34,835 --> 19:50:37,204 film to? Who's the tractor 1333 19:50:37,271 --> 19:50:39,840 that you'd like to share it 1334 19:50:39,907 --> 19:50:42,376 month level, become a $25 a 1335 19:50:43,777 --> 19:50:46,246 we'd love to thank you with 1336 19:50:47,080 --> 19:50:49,650 you'll also receive the PBS 1337 19:50:52,386 --> 19:50:54,855 the Tractor Wars mug. Sohe 1338 19:50:55,856 --> 19:50:57,524 1-800-236-3636. 1339 19:50:59,793 --> 19:51:02,296 Andrew mentioned the idea 1340 19:51:02,362 --> 19:51:04,865 and that's really a goodip, 1341 19:51:04,932 --> 19:51:07,601 you're sustaining member is 1342 19:51:08,302 --> 19:51:10,137 commitment to say every 1343 19:51:10,204 --> 19:51:12,606 certain amount in support 1344 19:51:12,673 --> 19:51:15,142 you as a sustaining member 1345 19:51:16,376 --> 19:51:18,612 write a whole bunch of to 1346 19:51:19,179 --> 19:51:21,248 remember what you owe this 1347 19:51:21,315 --> 19:51:23,550 keeps on going as long as 1348 19:51:24,184 --> 19:51:26,386 also good for PBS Wisconsin 1349 19:51:26,453 --> 19:51:29,156 stream of support and makes 1350 19:51:29,223 --> 19:51:31,892 to anticipate what kind ofn 1351 19:51:31,959 --> 19:51:34,294 support all the fabulous 1352 19:51:34,761 --> 19:51:37,097 you watch here on thishat 1353 19:51:38,365 --> 19:51:40,901 becoming a sustainingut 1354 19:51:40,968 --> 19:51:43,537 at different levels and you 1355 19:51:44,037 --> 19:51:46,707 start it, stop it, whatever. 1356 19:51:47,307 --> 19:51:49,610 driver's seat when it comes 1357 19:51:49,676 --> 19:51:51,912 But in order to get that. 1358 19:51:52,479 --> 19:51:55,048 our volunteers right now at 1359 19:51:58,685 --> 19:52:00,687 >> You know, there are 1360 19:52:01,021 --> 19:52:03,357 watch a documentary or an 1361 19:52:05,359 --> 19:52:07,427 Although if I'm being. 1362 19:52:07,494 --> 19:52:09,496 trying to think, when was 1363 19:52:09,563 --> 19:52:11,698 history documentary thata 1364 19:52:11,765 --> 19:52:14,001 been a while, but like,s 1365 19:52:14,501 --> 19:52:16,537 But you know what? You're 1366 19:52:16,603 --> 19:52:18,739 find anywhere else is a 1367 19:52:20,174 --> 19:52:22,509 connects directly to our 1368 19:52:24,378 --> 19:52:27,047 farming culture inWisconsin, 1369 19:52:27,114 --> 19:52:29,783 Because PBS Wisconsin cane. 1370 19:52:31,018 --> 19:52:33,353 must be responsive to the 1371 19:52:35,622 --> 19:52:38,192 funding is coming from. Our 1372 19:52:40,327 --> 19:52:42,996 There's just certain topics 1373 19:52:44,264 --> 19:52:46,733 to the kind of nationalves 1374 19:52:48,502 --> 19:52:51,071 structure that every other 1375 19:52:51,471 --> 19:52:54,041 programing would have, and 1376 19:52:54,374 --> 19:52:56,844 break is so important.nge 1377 19:52:56,910 --> 19:52:59,313 We're already a quarter of 1378 19:52:59,379 --> 19:53:01,849 five calls starting to get 1379 19:53:02,282 --> 19:53:04,751 That's great. That lets us 1380 19:53:05,219 --> 19:53:07,988 programing matters to you, 1381 19:53:08,055 --> 19:53:10,390 seeking it out. In this 1382 19:53:10,457 --> 19:53:13,393 another local PBS affiliate. 1383 19:53:13,460 --> 19:53:15,896 ourselves. What matters is 1384 19:53:15,963 --> 19:53:18,098 that you want us to keep 1385 19:53:18,732 --> 19:53:21,068 >> 1-800-236-3636 and if 1386 19:53:23,270 --> 19:53:25,239 enough for you to get you't 1387 19:53:25,305 --> 19:53:27,441 today, we have someive 1388 19:53:28,275 --> 19:53:30,511 at the $10 a month levels 1389 19:53:31,078 --> 19:53:33,714 you, either the Tractorhank 1390 19:53:33,780 --> 19:53:36,350 Wars book, which would look 1391 19:53:36,850 --> 19:53:39,319 at home on the shelf. Great 1392 19:53:39,953 --> 19:53:42,189 the $15 a month level,At 1393 19:53:42,656 --> 19:53:45,125 and the book and that theVD 1394 19:53:46,560 --> 19:53:48,896 receive as a thank you the 1395 19:53:49,329 --> 19:53:51,798 Wars Mug, and the PBSactor 1396 19:53:54,101 --> 19:53:56,904 volunteers that are waiting 1397 19:53:56,970 --> 19:53:59,740 of the phone. They'reer end 1398 19:53:59,806 --> 19:54:01,942 easy for you. So maybee it 1399 19:54:02,009 --> 19:54:03,977 someone in your life that 1400 19:54:04,044 --> 19:54:06,380 these thank you gifts to. 1401 19:54:06,980 --> 19:54:09,449 give them a call. Just have 1402 19:54:09,883 --> 19:54:12,452 So give us a callress ready. 1403 19:54:13,820 --> 19:54:16,056 >> We have eight calls on 1404 19:54:16,557 --> 19:54:19,126 20 calls. 20 calls duringof 1405 19:54:20,494 --> 19:54:23,163 break here at PBS Wisconsin. 1406 19:54:24,364 --> 19:54:26,700 will get us to that goal of 1407 19:54:27,901 --> 19:54:29,903 challenge break. And 1408 19:54:29,970 --> 19:54:32,306 is a member of PBSyone who 1409 19:54:33,040 --> 19:54:35,676 that pledges thirty fiveld 1410 19:54:35,742 --> 19:54:38,212 receives "Airwaves" year 1411 19:54:38,712 --> 19:54:40,848 that comes to you once ae 1412 19:54:40,914 --> 19:54:43,483 membership. It's a greatur 1413 19:54:44,885 --> 19:54:47,087 viewing, for finding outur 1414 19:54:47,154 --> 19:54:49,489 up on PBS Wisconsin, andg 1415 19:54:50,190 --> 19:54:52,626 out about some of the some 1416 19:54:52,693 --> 19:54:55,262 Wisconsin. It's one oftPBS 1417 19:54:55,863 --> 19:54:58,332 support at $35 or more. And 1418 19:55:00,033 --> 19:55:02,803 in some cases, there areing, 1419 19:55:02,870 --> 19:55:05,672 the bottom line benefitally, 1420 19:55:05,739 --> 19:55:08,108 the screen. It's theee on 1421 19:55:08,175 --> 19:55:10,410 that you enjoy, that you 1422 19:55:11,512 --> 19:55:13,981 way to support those. Call 1423 19:55:14,381 --> 19:55:16,717 >> We are at least halfway 1424 19:55:20,220 --> 19:55:22,689 accounts a little highernal 1425 19:55:22,756 --> 19:55:25,459 go. We're catching up now.e 1426 19:55:25,526 --> 19:55:27,694 quarters of the way to our 1427 19:55:27,761 --> 19:55:30,330 know what? I have good news. 1428 19:55:30,797 --> 19:55:33,634 we'll still keep takinglls, 1429 19:55:33,700 --> 19:55:35,669 reason why we're going to 1430 19:55:35,736 --> 19:55:38,071 kind of programing ishis 1431 19:55:38,539 --> 19:55:40,574 and support and want more 1432 19:55:40,641 --> 19:55:42,776 your screen one (800)2, on 1433 19:55:42,843 --> 19:55:45,078 three, six. Looking for 1434 19:55:45,412 --> 19:55:47,981 break. Just a few minutesis 1435 19:55:48,849 --> 19:55:51,084 Wars, but also the other 1436 19:55:52,719 --> 19:55:54,855 Wisconsin and also the 1437 19:55:55,322 --> 19:55:57,858 programing on PBS Wisconsin. 1438 19:55:57,925 --> 19:56:00,394 this for adult viewers. We 1439 19:56:01,428 --> 19:56:04,097 programing and educational 1440 19:56:06,166 --> 19:56:08,569 make for Wisconsins that we 1441 19:56:08,635 --> 19:56:11,205 educational mission of PBS 1442 19:56:12,773 --> 19:56:15,442 And you are supporting nott. 1443 19:56:16,310 --> 19:56:18,645 of that when you call andl 1444 19:56:19,446 --> 19:56:21,782 one (800)2, 363, 636.ed, 1445 19:56:24,184 --> 19:56:26,553 ringing, which is really 1446 19:56:26,620 --> 19:56:28,388 you're waiting to getif 1447 19:56:28,455 --> 19:56:30,624 Our volunteers are really. 1448 19:56:30,691 --> 19:56:33,360 And remember when you join 1449 19:56:33,427 --> 19:56:36,096 member, you will receivesin 1450 19:56:36,830 --> 19:56:39,166 or more than one of ourfts 1451 19:56:39,766 --> 19:56:42,236 month, we. You will be able 1452 19:56:42,769 --> 19:56:45,339 Tractor Wars or the bookDVD 1453 19:56:45,772 --> 19:56:48,242 month, you will receive as 1454 19:56:48,842 --> 19:56:51,078 and the book and. At $25 a 1455 19:56:52,746 --> 19:56:55,215 you with the book, the DVD, 1456 19:56:55,682 --> 19:56:58,151 the Tractor Wars mug. Now, 1457 19:57:00,621 --> 19:57:02,623 been talking about some of 1458 19:57:02,689 --> 19:57:05,325 as a PBS Wisconsin member. 1459 19:57:05,392 --> 19:57:07,728 is your access to PBSfits 1460 19:57:09,263 --> 19:57:11,732 stream so many more PBS and 1461 19:57:13,166 --> 19:57:15,903 shows. Let's learn a little 1462 19:57:15,969 --> 19:57:18,305 with that, let's take a 1463 19:57:18,372 --> 19:57:20,507 >> You're watching PBS 1464 19:57:21,208 --> 19:57:23,610 what you find here, fromve 1465 19:57:23,677 --> 19:57:26,346 travel and journalism, what 1466 19:57:27,347 --> 19:57:29,816 even more shows you loveut 1467 19:57:31,652 --> 19:57:34,454 Wherever you stream TV,them? 1468 19:57:34,821 --> 19:57:37,391 us anywhere you select your 1469 19:57:38,325 --> 19:57:40,794 have free on demand showse 1470 19:57:41,695 --> 19:57:44,164 Plus, when you support PBS 1471 19:57:46,366 --> 19:57:48,735 benefits can open up even 1472 19:57:48,802 --> 19:57:51,371 Passport. It includes more 1473 19:57:52,706 --> 19:57:55,175 favorites from PBS andnew 1474 19:57:56,243 --> 19:57:58,512 around the world.as from 1475 19:57:58,579 --> 19:58:00,647 yet.ou ain't seen nothing 1476 19:58:00,714 --> 19:58:03,517 PBS Wisconsin possible for 1477 19:58:03,584 --> 19:58:06,053 community. So join with ar 1478 19:58:07,221 --> 19:58:09,723 we're suggesting, and then 1479 19:58:09,790 --> 19:58:11,692 adventures with PBS 1480 19:58:13,360 --> 19:58:15,696 >> Earlier this evening, 1481 19:58:20,033 --> 19:58:22,369 about being sons of theng 1482 19:58:22,736 --> 19:58:24,638 grandparents, our 1483 19:58:24,705 --> 19:58:27,174 grandfather on in ourt one 1484 19:58:27,741 --> 19:58:30,077 course, a farmer. And you 1485 19:58:30,444 --> 19:58:32,913 more people were farmers. 1486 19:58:33,413 --> 19:58:35,983 concentrated, but is still 1487 19:58:36,350 --> 19:58:38,919 fabric of life in Wisconsin 1488 19:58:40,687 --> 19:58:43,490 Midwest. And a program like 1489 19:58:43,557 --> 19:58:46,226 deeper. It's interesting to 1490 19:58:46,727 --> 19:58:49,396 transition into mechanized 1491 19:58:50,097 --> 19:58:52,232 of stuff that was going on 1492 19:58:52,299 --> 19:58:54,635 people's heads, and what 1493 19:58:55,235 --> 19:58:57,337 all this kind of stuff. and 1494 19:58:57,404 --> 19:59:00,107 much connects to life fory 1495 19:59:00,174 --> 19:59:02,509 all of us, whether we have 1496 19:59:03,710 --> 19:59:06,146 or not. And it's a goodnd 1497 19:59:06,213 --> 19:59:08,448 your support to PBSshow 1498 19:59:08,749 --> 19:59:10,817 something from it. Yourn 1499 19:59:10,884 --> 19:59:13,353 Your grandkids may learn. 1500 19:59:13,987 --> 19:59:15,822 going to get somedy is 1501 19:59:15,889 --> 19:59:17,591 that may pique theirhis 1502 19:59:17,658 --> 19:59:19,793 case and you want to the 1503 19:59:20,727 --> 19:59:23,197 then give us a callf thing, 1504 19:59:25,766 --> 19:59:27,434 >> So I'm noticing 1505 19:59:27,801 --> 19:59:30,204 phone bank here in the our 1506 19:59:30,270 --> 19:59:32,406 phone ring in a while, but 1507 19:59:32,472 --> 19:59:34,942 one of our volunteersngle 1508 19:59:35,709 --> 19:59:38,178 that tells me is there What 1509 19:59:38,512 --> 19:59:40,681 are currently waiting to 1510 19:59:40,747 --> 19:59:42,983 As long as you have okay. 1511 19:59:43,650 --> 19:59:46,220 this challenge break, stay 1512 19:59:47,187 --> 19:59:49,656 through, your money willt 1513 19:59:49,990 --> 19:59:52,326 fact that you're, and the 1514 19:59:53,026 --> 19:59:55,062 time getting through isrd 1515 19:59:55,128 --> 19:59:57,598 the support that you areof 1516 20:00:00,133 --> 20:00:02,603 program tonight and to PBS 1517 20:00:03,937 --> 20:00:06,507 talking a bit before abouts 1518 20:00:06,840 --> 20:00:08,609 educational programing wef 1519 20:00:08,675 --> 20:00:10,811 documentaries or kids 1520 20:00:11,812 --> 20:00:13,947 it's so much more than that. 1521 20:00:14,014 --> 20:00:16,049 and the nature programingng 1522 20:00:16,116 --> 20:00:18,352 especially the British 1523 20:00:18,919 --> 20:00:21,588 it's, it's that localfor me, 1524 20:00:22,890 --> 20:00:25,092 that you literally wouldff 1525 20:00:25,158 --> 20:00:27,628 It's the programing with a 1526 20:00:28,328 --> 20:00:30,898 what makes PBS Wisconsin so 1527 20:00:32,599 --> 20:00:35,269 feel similarly, and that's 1528 20:00:35,335 --> 20:00:37,905 support right now.ledge of 1529 20:00:40,841 --> 20:00:43,844 1-800-236-3636.ars are really 1530 20:00:49,550 --> 20:00:50,617 fascinating. support right now.ledge of 1531 20:00:50,684 --> 20:00:53,420 So, Deere buys Waterloo in 1918 and it's not only 1532 20:00:53,487 --> 20:00:55,422 tractors but stationary engines. 1533 20:00:55,489 --> 20:00:57,090 And the company is selling thousands of stationary 1534 20:00:57,157 --> 20:00:58,492 engines. 1535 20:00:58,559 --> 20:01:01,261 That is seen as more of a long-term business. 1536 20:01:01,328 --> 20:01:04,164 The tractor business was still a bit of an unknown. 1537 20:01:04,231 --> 20:01:07,234 And it's going to get really scary in 1921 where 1538 20:01:07,301 --> 20:01:10,270 there is an economic recession and sales fall 1539 20:01:10,337 --> 20:01:12,139 to 79 tractors. 1540 20:01:12,206 --> 20:01:14,408 And there is a price war and there's a lot of 1541 20:01:14,474 --> 20:01:17,744 competition and a lot of bankruptcies and folks at 1542 20:01:17,811 --> 20:01:19,479 Deere are looking around going, did we make a 1543 20:01:19,546 --> 20:01:21,048 mistake? 1544 20:01:21,114 --> 20:01:22,616 It's going to take Deere seven years to turn a 1545 20:01:22,683 --> 20:01:24,151 profit in the tractor business. 1546 20:01:24,218 --> 20:01:26,253 So, there was a lot of worry and concern whether 1547 20:01:26,320 --> 20:01:28,121 or not they made a huge mistake and put the entire 1548 20:01:28,188 --> 20:01:29,823 company at risk. 1549 20:01:29,890 --> 20:01:31,425 But at the end of the day, the Waterloo Boy is 1550 20:01:31,491 --> 20:01:33,293 everything they wanted it to be. 1551 20:01:33,360 --> 20:01:35,028 ?? 1552 20:01:35,996 --> 20:01:39,199 In late 1917, the Deere Board of Directors 1553 20:01:39,266 --> 20:01:42,069 authorized the production of a newly-designed 1554 20:01:42,135 --> 20:01:44,605 all-wheel drive tractor. 1555 20:01:45,072 --> 20:01:47,007 Neil Dahlstrom: Really, what the board said was, 1556 20:01:47,074 --> 20:01:50,010 we've invested so much, we've got to do something, 1557 20:01:50,077 --> 20:01:51,778 we've got to have it in our back pocket in case we 1558 20:01:51,845 --> 20:01:53,347 don't come up with something better. 1559 20:01:53,413 --> 20:01:55,549 So now Deere has two tractors. 1560 20:01:55,616 --> 20:01:57,851 Not a lot happens with the all-wheel drive. 1561 20:01:57,918 --> 20:02:00,153 We don't know exactly what happened to most of them. 1562 20:02:00,220 --> 20:02:02,523 Probably 90 to 100 were built. 1563 20:02:02,589 --> 20:02:04,825 And the Waterloo Boy is the workhorse of the 1564 20:02:04,892 --> 20:02:06,059 company. 1565 20:02:06,126 --> 20:02:07,728 So, it becomes a very, very different competitive 1566 20:02:07,794 --> 20:02:09,429 market. 1567 20:02:09,496 --> 20:02:11,131 ?? 1568 20:02:11,198 --> 20:02:12,399 John Deere was also looking for a design 1569 20:02:12,466 --> 20:02:14,768 that could compete with the Fordson, if not 1570 20:02:14,835 --> 20:02:17,838 directly challenging its place in the market. 1571 20:02:17,905 --> 20:02:20,407 Requests from engineers to experiment with 1572 20:02:20,474 --> 20:02:24,044 four-cylinder engines were denied as Deere lacked the 1573 20:02:24,111 --> 20:02:27,080 cash flow for testing and development. 1574 20:02:27,147 --> 20:02:30,250 Deere repurposed the Waterloo Boy two-cylinder 1575 20:02:30,317 --> 20:02:33,187 engine and made it the heart of what became the 1576 20:02:33,253 --> 20:02:35,055 John Deere Model D. 1577 20:02:35,956 --> 20:02:38,258 Three decades of production of the iconic 1578 20:02:38,325 --> 20:02:40,661 tractor started in 1923. 1579 20:02:41,929 --> 20:02:44,932 The new tractor competed with both the McCormick 1580 20:02:44,998 --> 20:02:48,602 Deering 10-20 and the Fordson, but was aimed at 1581 20:02:48,669 --> 20:02:50,771 wheat country, where farmers were less 1582 20:02:50,838 --> 20:02:53,874 concerned with cultivating corn and more with plowing 1583 20:02:53,941 --> 20:02:58,212 huge farms and driving a wheat binder in the field. 1584 20:02:58,278 --> 20:03:01,281 Deere aimed to produce 1,000 Model Ds in 1585 20:03:01,348 --> 20:03:03,584 Waterloo, Iowa by 1924. 1586 20:03:05,352 --> 20:03:06,887 Neil Dahlstrom: And ultimately when Deere 1587 20:03:06,954 --> 20:03:09,423 comes out with the Model D tractor, it's because they 1588 20:03:09,489 --> 20:03:11,925 were focused on wheat growing parts of the 1589 20:03:11,992 --> 20:03:14,294 country, whereas International Harvester 1590 20:03:14,361 --> 20:03:17,598 and their Farmall tractor, which was the first really 1591 20:03:17,664 --> 20:03:20,300 true general-purpose tractor, was focused on 1592 20:03:20,367 --> 20:03:22,536 corn growing parts of the country. 1593 20:03:22,603 --> 20:03:24,104 ?? 1594 20:03:24,171 --> 20:03:26,907 The 1918 victory by the allies in Europe 1595 20:03:26,974 --> 20:03:29,476 was followed by an economic depression in the 1596 20:03:29,543 --> 20:03:31,778 early part of the 1920s. 1597 20:03:32,546 --> 20:03:34,715 During the war, there was a worldwide shortage of 1598 20:03:34,781 --> 20:03:37,584 grain, horses and hired hands. 1599 20:03:37,651 --> 20:03:38,752 Farmers were spending 1600 20:03:38,819 --> 20:03:41,955 twice as much on labor compared to just a decade 1601 20:03:42,022 --> 20:03:43,724 earlier. 1602 20:03:43,790 --> 20:03:46,660 The farm sector, which had planted fence row to fence 1603 20:03:46,727 --> 20:03:50,197 row to feed America and Europe now found itself 1604 20:03:50,264 --> 20:03:54,301 awash in grain and choked with livestock. 1605 20:03:54,368 --> 20:03:58,939 From July 1920 to November 1921, the price of oats 1606 20:04:00,174 --> 20:04:01,842 and corn fell 72%. 1607 20:04:03,377 --> 20:04:06,346 Livestock prices were cut in half. 1608 20:04:06,413 --> 20:04:08,081 ?? 1609 20:04:09,850 --> 20:04:12,085 Tractor manufacturers found 1610 20:04:12,152 --> 20:04:14,421 themselves buried in canceled orders and 1611 20:04:14,488 --> 20:04:15,722 mounting debt. 1612 20:04:15,789 --> 20:04:19,226 In 1921, International cut prices for its popular 1613 20:04:19,293 --> 20:04:21,428 10-20 and 8-16 models. 1614 20:04:22,262 --> 20:04:24,798 With $41 million in canceled orders, the 1615 20:04:24,865 --> 20:04:27,467 company went on the offensive. 1616 20:04:27,534 --> 20:04:30,804 Dealers held demos to compare IH tractors with 1617 20:04:30,871 --> 20:04:32,206 the Fordson. 1618 20:04:32,272 --> 20:04:35,275 They managed to claw back 12% of the market during 1619 20:04:35,342 --> 20:04:37,010 the downturn. 1620 20:04:37,511 --> 20:04:40,647 Ford responded to slowing sales by slashing prices 1621 20:04:40,714 --> 20:04:44,284 of the Fordson from $790 to $395 a unit. 1622 20:04:47,721 --> 20:04:49,656 Debra Reid: International Harvester says, we've got 1623 20:04:49,723 --> 20:04:50,757 to meet it. 1624 20:04:50,824 --> 20:04:54,094 And for about five years these two companies are 1625 20:04:54,161 --> 20:04:57,965 selling below production costs and Ford has the 1626 20:04:58,031 --> 20:05:01,368 capital, even though they're losing money. 1627 20:05:01,435 --> 20:05:02,870 Christian Overland: And the tractor wars are 1628 20:05:02,936 --> 20:05:04,238 hitting an economic issue because it's tough on 1629 20:05:04,304 --> 20:05:05,405 everybody. 1630 20:05:05,472 --> 20:05:07,808 And why Henry Ford does it is he's trying to control 1631 20:05:07,875 --> 20:05:09,042 the market. 1632 20:05:09,109 --> 20:05:11,078 But he has a system that he can do it with. 1633 20:05:11,144 --> 20:05:13,013 He has kind of built the whole assembly line 1634 20:05:13,080 --> 20:05:15,716 system, figured out an employee base that builds 1635 20:05:15,782 --> 20:05:18,118 these things, and he was actually moving forward 1636 20:05:18,185 --> 20:05:21,088 into a new world about how can I actually invest in 1637 20:05:21,154 --> 20:05:23,824 the values of agriculture and keep farm life 1638 20:05:23,891 --> 20:05:25,058 sustained? 1639 20:05:25,125 --> 20:05:27,628 And so, even though the tractor was a loss leader 1640 20:05:27,694 --> 20:05:30,597 for Henry Ford, it was a value proposition that he 1641 20:05:30,664 --> 20:05:33,734 felt the world needed to go into and he wasn't 1642 20:05:33,800 --> 20:05:37,004 thinking about that amount of time as loss, he was 1643 20:05:37,070 --> 20:05:39,072 thinking about that amount of time as investment. 1644 20:05:39,139 --> 20:05:40,807 ?? 1645 20:05:41,575 --> 20:05:43,577 In a battle for its existence, John Deere 1646 20:05:43,644 --> 20:05:45,412 lost money. 1647 20:05:45,479 --> 20:05:49,550 Sales of tractors in 1922 were only 40% of the 1648 20:05:49,616 --> 20:05:51,285 previous year. 1649 20:05:51,552 --> 20:05:54,555 Deere factories were closed for months waiting 1650 20:05:54,621 --> 20:05:58,325 for the inventory backlog to clear dealerships. 1651 20:05:58,392 --> 20:06:01,762 Other manufacturers with deep pockets tried to 1652 20:06:01,828 --> 20:06:04,798 enter the battle looking for a win. 1653 20:06:04,865 --> 20:06:08,468 General Motors purchased the Samson Tractor Company 1654 20:06:08,535 --> 20:06:10,204 in 1918. 1655 20:06:10,571 --> 20:06:14,208 The automobile giant lost $33 million over the next 1656 20:06:14,274 --> 20:06:17,878 four years and exited the tractor business after 1657 20:06:17,945 --> 20:06:19,813 learning an expensive lesson in tractor 1658 20:06:19,880 --> 20:06:21,548 economics. 1659 20:06:21,815 --> 20:06:23,984 While the short-lived Depression put multiple 1660 20:06:24,051 --> 20:06:26,854 tractor companies into bankruptcy, the resulting 1661 20:06:26,920 --> 20:06:29,823 price war put tractors on farms that had not been 1662 20:06:29,890 --> 20:06:33,060 able to afford them previously, yet many 1663 20:06:33,126 --> 20:06:35,596 farmers still believed that as long as they had 1664 20:06:35,662 --> 20:06:38,565 horses, you might as well keep them for every job on 1665 20:06:38,632 --> 20:06:40,267 the farm. 1666 20:06:40,334 --> 20:06:42,736 If tractors wanted to compete against centuries 1667 20:06:42,803 --> 20:06:45,205 of tradition, they would have to prove they could 1668 20:06:45,272 --> 20:06:48,809 do more than just cultivate row crops. 1669 20:06:48,876 --> 20:06:50,544 ?? 1670 20:06:51,345 --> 20:06:53,313 Just as the economic Depression of the 1671 20:06:53,380 --> 20:06:57,284 early 1920s was brewing, International Harvester 1672 20:06:57,351 --> 20:07:02,155 engineer Bert Benjamin developed a new design. 1673 20:07:02,222 --> 20:07:04,791 He had reversed the motor-cultivator form, 1674 20:07:04,858 --> 20:07:06,894 placing the bigger wheels in the back of the 1675 20:07:06,960 --> 20:07:11,832 tractor, and dubbed the creation, the Farmall. 1676 20:07:11,899 --> 20:07:14,368 It was designed to serve more than one purpose by 1677 20:07:14,434 --> 20:07:19,139 pulling both planting and harvesting equipment. 1678 20:07:19,206 --> 20:07:23,343 Rapid sales of the Fordsons began pushing IH 1679 20:07:23,410 --> 20:07:26,146 management towards a decision on future 1680 20:07:26,213 --> 20:07:27,648 tractors. 1681 20:07:27,714 --> 20:07:29,316 Internal company resistance to an 1682 20:07:29,383 --> 20:07:32,920 all-purpose tractor began to fade when it became 1683 20:07:32,986 --> 20:07:36,056 obvious the Fordson was a success. 1684 20:07:36,123 --> 20:07:37,791 ?? 1685 20:07:38,058 --> 20:07:39,826 A handful of Farmalls were sent to 1686 20:07:39,893 --> 20:07:43,363 Texas in 1924 and farmers loved them. 1687 20:07:44,765 --> 20:07:48,368 A test drive became a successful sales ploy. 1688 20:07:48,435 --> 20:07:51,638 Texas dealers loaned out Farmalls to hesitant 1689 20:07:51,705 --> 20:07:53,273 farmers. 1690 20:07:53,340 --> 20:07:56,076 None were returned to the dealership. 1691 20:07:56,143 --> 20:07:59,146 An IH dealer in Houston wrote the company after 1692 20:07:59,213 --> 20:08:02,850 receiving a shipment of prototypes, if you don't 1693 20:08:02,916 --> 20:08:06,153 adopt the Farmerall for production, we will 1694 20:08:06,220 --> 20:08:08,956 organize a company in Houston and build it down 1695 20:08:09,022 --> 20:08:10,424 here. 1696 20:08:10,490 --> 20:08:13,894 IH marketing promoted the tractor's versatility on 1697 20:08:13,961 --> 20:08:15,329 the farm. 1698 20:08:15,395 --> 20:08:19,166 A Farmall could operate 11 common implements with one 1699 20:08:19,233 --> 20:08:20,901 operator. 1700 20:08:21,235 --> 20:08:23,570 Research showed the new machine saved cotton 1701 20:08:23,637 --> 20:08:27,107 farmers $27.70 per bale, making U.S. 1702 20:08:28,475 --> 20:08:31,945 cotton the world's cheapest to grow. 1703 20:08:32,012 --> 20:08:35,649 It was estimated that 300,000 Farmall tractors 1704 20:08:35,716 --> 20:08:38,519 could replace 250,000 mules. 1705 20:08:39,820 --> 20:08:43,857 The performance of the Farmall won over farmers 1706 20:08:43,924 --> 20:08:46,460 before many boardroom executives. 1707 20:08:46,527 --> 20:08:48,962 Yet production was limited, so as not to hurt 1708 20:08:49,029 --> 20:08:51,665 the sales of the still popular McCormick Deering 1709 20:08:51,732 --> 20:08:53,133 10-20. 1710 20:08:53,200 --> 20:08:57,771 The $825 price tag of the Farmall was competitive in 1711 20:08:57,838 --> 20:08:59,072 the marketplace. 1712 20:08:59,139 --> 20:09:01,108 But the company was building the innovative 1713 20:09:01,175 --> 20:09:03,010 tractor at a loss. 1714 20:09:03,076 --> 20:09:04,478 ?? 1715 20:09:04,545 --> 20:09:07,181 By 1927, production had grown to 60 1716 20:09:07,247 --> 20:09:08,916 tractors per day. 1717 20:09:09,383 --> 20:09:12,085 Internally, there were still concerns that the 1718 20:09:12,152 --> 20:09:15,589 Farmall would kill off the MD 10-20. 1719 20:09:15,656 --> 20:09:17,324 In 1928, it did. 1720 20:09:19,693 --> 20:09:24,531 Farmall sales exploded to 25,000 tractors that year 1721 20:09:24,598 --> 20:09:27,067 and the 10-20 was retired. 1722 20:09:28,202 --> 20:09:29,369 Neil Dahlstrom: Well, you have this huge transition 1723 20:09:29,436 --> 20:09:31,939 in kind of the American landscape. 1724 20:09:32,005 --> 20:09:33,841 1920 is the first time that more people live in 1725 20:09:33,907 --> 20:09:35,976 the city than on the farm. 1726 20:09:36,043 --> 20:09:37,978 You have labor shortages. 1727 20:09:38,045 --> 20:09:40,747 So, you're trying to produce more with less. 1728 20:09:40,814 --> 20:09:42,649 And that is where the tractor starts to become 1729 20:09:42,716 --> 20:09:45,452 an investment that makes sense because long-term 1730 20:09:45,519 --> 20:09:47,254 you are going to be more profitable. 1731 20:09:47,321 --> 20:09:51,024 You also see with the automobile that now I can 1732 20:09:51,091 --> 20:09:53,560 raise more than my family needs. 1733 20:09:53,627 --> 20:09:55,829 And that is the major transition. 1734 20:09:55,896 --> 20:09:58,565 Instead of growing for my family, now I can raise 1735 20:09:58,632 --> 20:10:02,035 more and I can go sell it and I can go travel a 1736 20:10:02,102 --> 20:10:04,471 little further and distribute. 1737 20:10:04,538 --> 20:10:07,174 And this is what Henry Ford calls, the business 1738 20:10:07,241 --> 20:10:08,909 of raising food. 1739 20:10:09,276 --> 20:10:11,245 And that is really the major transition that 1740 20:10:11,311 --> 20:10:13,714 takes place, largely driven by mechanization 1741 20:10:13,780 --> 20:10:15,549 and power farming, as they called it. 1742 20:10:15,616 --> 20:10:17,351 ?? 1743 20:10:17,417 --> 20:10:18,852 Henry Ford was struggling to keep the 1744 20:10:18,919 --> 20:10:20,654 Fordson competitive. 1745 20:10:20,721 --> 20:10:23,423 The Farmall was coming into the market and stood 1746 20:10:23,490 --> 20:10:25,726 to push the Fordson out. 1747 20:10:26,293 --> 20:10:27,728 ?? 1748 20:10:27,794 --> 20:10:28,929 Neil Dahlstrom: Henry Ford was incredibly 1749 20:10:28,996 --> 20:10:31,398 stubborn, which is putting it mildly. 1750 20:10:31,465 --> 20:10:34,134 But he said the Model T was a perfect automobile, 1751 20:10:34,201 --> 20:10:35,469 we never need to improve it. 1752 20:10:35,536 --> 20:10:37,604 He said, the Fordson was the perfect tractor and we 1753 20:10:37,671 --> 20:10:39,339 never need to improve it. 1754 20:10:39,406 --> 20:10:42,075 Of course, he has got economies of scale. 1755 20:10:42,142 --> 20:10:43,343 He's got the assembly line. 1756 20:10:43,410 --> 20:10:44,745 He's got a low price point. 1757 20:10:44,811 --> 20:10:47,080 He's selling hundreds of thousands of Fordson. 1758 20:10:47,147 --> 20:10:49,082 But there's no improvement made on the Fordson 1759 20:10:49,149 --> 20:10:50,083 tractor. 1760 20:10:50,150 --> 20:10:51,351 And there's some drawbacks. 1761 20:10:51,418 --> 20:10:52,953 It has a tendency to overheat. 1762 20:10:53,020 --> 20:10:55,522 It can tip over, especially backwards if 1763 20:10:55,589 --> 20:10:57,724 you're pulling a plow under load. 1764 20:10:57,791 --> 20:10:59,726 But really no incremental improvement. 1765 20:10:59,793 --> 20:11:01,361 And what happens is machine forms start to 1766 20:11:01,428 --> 20:11:02,462 change. 1767 20:11:02,529 --> 20:11:05,199 So, you have the D, you have the Farmall, you've 1768 20:11:05,265 --> 20:11:06,834 got a lot of other competitor machines that 1769 20:11:06,900 --> 20:11:10,304 are listening to feedback from customers who are 1770 20:11:10,370 --> 20:11:12,739 saying, well, it's great for plowing, but I want it 1771 20:11:12,806 --> 20:11:14,775 to do this, I want it to do this, I want it to do 1772 20:11:14,842 --> 20:11:16,076 this. 1773 20:11:16,143 --> 20:11:19,079 Henry Ford says no, like, this is what you get. 1774 20:11:19,146 --> 20:11:22,916 And so, all of a sudden, the Fordson is outdated and 1775 20:11:22,983 --> 20:11:25,185 everyone starts planning for the demise of the 1776 20:11:25,252 --> 20:11:28,155 Fordson, but also assuming there's just going to be a 1777 20:11:28,222 --> 20:11:30,457 new version of the Fordson, which ultimately 1778 20:11:30,524 --> 20:11:31,859 never comes. 1779 20:11:31,925 --> 20:11:33,126 ?? 1780 20:11:33,193 --> 20:11:35,262 With Ford standing his ground and refusing to 1781 20:11:35,329 --> 20:11:38,365 make any improvements, the innovative model was left 1782 20:11:38,432 --> 20:11:40,100 behind. 1783 20:11:40,400 --> 20:11:41,802 ?? 1784 20:11:41,869 --> 20:11:42,936 Neil Dahlstrom: The Fordson was a good 1785 20:11:43,003 --> 20:11:46,073 entry-level machine, had a good price point, it did 1786 20:11:46,139 --> 20:11:48,108 what I needed it to do. 1787 20:11:48,175 --> 20:11:49,543 But now I'm ready to move on. 1788 20:11:49,610 --> 20:11:50,711 What's available? 1789 20:11:50,777 --> 20:11:53,547 So, the Fordson started to be left behind by 1925, 1790 20:11:53,614 --> 20:11:54,848 1926. 1791 20:11:54,915 --> 20:11:56,583 ?? 1792 20:11:56,850 --> 20:12:00,554 In 1926, Fordson produced almost 94,000 1793 20:12:00,621 --> 20:12:02,089 units. 1794 20:12:02,155 --> 20:12:05,659 But its market share had dropped below 50% for the 1795 20:12:05,726 --> 20:12:07,628 first time in eight years. 1796 20:12:07,694 --> 20:12:11,298 International went on to surpass Ford and dominated 1797 20:12:11,365 --> 20:12:14,701 sales with a 55% share of the market. 1798 20:12:15,636 --> 20:12:17,304 Neil Dahlstrom: The big question for competitors 1799 20:12:17,371 --> 20:12:19,606 is, is there going to be a new Fordson? 1800 20:12:19,673 --> 20:12:22,176 And initially they thought yes, because the Model T 1801 20:12:22,242 --> 20:12:27,414 is replaced by the Model A against Henry Ford's will. 1802 20:12:27,481 --> 20:12:30,551 So, then you're thinking about what does the 1803 20:12:30,617 --> 20:12:32,452 replacement of a Fordson look like? 1804 20:12:32,519 --> 20:12:34,555 And then you start to wonder, is the Fordson 1805 20:12:34,621 --> 20:12:36,290 going away? 1806 20:12:36,356 --> 20:12:37,791 ?? 1807 20:12:37,858 --> 20:12:40,661 In January 1928, the Fordson line at River 1808 20:12:40,727 --> 20:12:43,463 Rouge had stopped for retooling. 1809 20:12:43,530 --> 20:12:45,666 But it never restarts. 1810 20:12:46,099 --> 20:12:48,635 Even with the Fordson logo on two-thirds of the 1811 20:12:48,702 --> 20:12:52,172 tractors in America, the sun had set on the iconic 1812 20:12:52,239 --> 20:12:55,242 brand and the mighty automaker exited the 1813 20:12:55,309 --> 20:12:56,710 market. 1814 20:12:56,777 --> 20:13:00,247 Henry Ford moved all Fordson work to Cork, 1815 20:13:00,314 --> 20:13:01,548 Ireland. 1816 20:13:01,615 --> 20:13:04,017 Limited production continued in Ireland and 1817 20:13:04,084 --> 20:13:06,887 England and the last unit rolled off the assembly 1818 20:13:06,954 --> 20:13:08,622 line in 1933. 1819 20:13:09,223 --> 20:13:10,891 ?? 1820 20:13:13,327 --> 20:13:14,194 Neil Dahlstrom: Farmers are incredibly 1821 20:13:14,261 --> 20:13:15,162 progressive. 1822 20:13:15,229 --> 20:13:16,997 They have always been that way. 1823 20:13:17,064 --> 20:13:19,032 The other side of it is, these things take a long 1824 20:13:19,099 --> 20:13:21,768 time to kind of incubate and come to fruition and 1825 20:13:21,835 --> 20:13:23,237 work themselves out. 1826 20:13:23,303 --> 20:13:27,241 Horses outnumber tractors on American farms until the 1827 20:13:27,307 --> 20:13:28,509 early 1950s. 1828 20:13:28,575 --> 20:13:30,444 And tractors keep getting bigger and bigger and 1829 20:13:30,511 --> 20:13:34,014 bigger and horsepower continues to expand and 1830 20:13:34,081 --> 20:13:35,482 implements get bigger. 1831 20:13:35,549 --> 20:13:37,284 ?? 1832 20:13:37,351 --> 20:13:40,921 By 1929, only 33 tractor makers were still 1833 20:13:40,988 --> 20:13:43,790 operating in the United States. 1834 20:13:43,857 --> 20:13:47,528 By the end of the 1920s, International Harvester 1835 20:13:47,594 --> 20:13:49,796 and Deere stood alone among tractor 1836 20:13:49,863 --> 20:13:51,532 manufacturers. 1837 20:13:51,865 --> 20:13:54,301 Both would continue to battle for market 1838 20:13:54,368 --> 20:13:57,671 dominance for another 50 years. 1839 20:13:57,738 --> 20:14:01,308 The adoption of technology in rural America had been 1840 20:14:01,375 --> 20:14:03,043 thorough. 1841 20:14:03,110 --> 20:14:07,581 In a 1925 survey of Illinois farms, 80% had a car, 1842 20:14:08,715 --> 20:14:10,717 12% had electricity, 1843 20:14:11,318 --> 20:14:13,453 6% had indoor plumbing 1844 20:14:13,921 --> 20:14:15,923 and 30% had a tractor. 1845 20:14:17,124 --> 20:14:18,458 ?? 1846 20:14:18,525 --> 20:14:21,228 Despite the rise of mechanized farming, 1847 20:14:21,295 --> 20:14:23,897 total horsepower from tractors did not exceed 1848 20:14:23,964 --> 20:14:27,301 horsepower from horses until 1945. 1849 20:14:28,769 --> 20:14:30,470 ?? 1850 20:14:30,537 --> 20:14:32,606 Today, John Deere is the only company to 1851 20:14:32,673 --> 20:14:35,309 have survived the tractor wars into the 21st 1852 20:14:35,375 --> 20:14:37,044 century. 1853 20:14:37,411 --> 20:14:42,482 The International name faded into history in 1985 1854 20:14:42,549 --> 20:14:44,818 when the automotive parts company Tenneco bought the 1855 20:14:44,885 --> 20:14:48,121 agricultural division and merged 1856 20:14:49,690 --> 20:14:52,826 J.I. Case was eventually purchas 1857 20:14:53,427 --> 20:14:55,562 Industrial, an Italian-American 1858 20:14:55,629 --> 20:14:57,297 corporation. 1859 20:14:57,698 --> 20:15:00,534 The agricultural giant continues to build and 1860 20:15:00,601 --> 20:15:02,836 sell J.I. Case designs. 1861 20:15:05,772 --> 20:15:07,307 Debra Reid: If you define tractors wars of the 20s 1862 20:15:07,374 --> 20:15:11,612 as this fight to the death over market share, Ford 1863 20:15:11,678 --> 20:15:15,148 steps out, International Harvester does not 1864 20:15:15,215 --> 20:15:18,352 necessarily win even though it has, with its 1865 20:15:18,418 --> 20:15:21,321 Farmall, taken over the market share, but it's a 1866 20:15:21,388 --> 20:15:25,259 company that had to rebuild itself more or 1867 20:15:25,325 --> 20:15:27,761 less in the image and likeness of that 1868 20:15:27,828 --> 20:15:31,865 automotive assembly line to compete with that new 1869 20:15:31,932 --> 20:15:33,600 upstart tractor. 1870 20:15:34,635 --> 20:15:36,003 Neil Dahlstrom: I think it's really hard to wrap 1871 20:15:36,069 --> 20:15:37,304 it up in a bow. 1872 20:15:37,371 --> 20:15:40,073 But I always go back to this phrase, tractor wars. 1873 20:15:40,140 --> 20:15:43,010 This was a fundamental shift in the history of 1874 20:15:43,076 --> 20:15:45,412 agriculture and I think that's what this period is 1875 20:15:45,479 --> 20:15:48,782 about, which is now we can expand. 1876 20:15:48,849 --> 20:15:51,151 It's about doing more with less. 1877 20:15:51,218 --> 20:15:53,520 It's about getting more out of the land. 1878 20:15:53,587 --> 20:15:54,688 It's about greater yields. 1879 20:15:54,755 --> 20:15:58,792 It's about profitability for farm businesses. 1880 20:15:58,859 --> 20:16:00,294 But it's about what's next. 1881 20:16:00,360 --> 20:16:03,430 It's about new technology and regardless of the 1882 20:16:03,497 --> 20:16:06,099 decade or the century, this is a technology 1883 20:16:06,166 --> 20:16:09,136 story, which doesn't feel like it because it's on 1884 20:16:09,203 --> 20:16:10,437 the farm. 1885 20:16:10,504 --> 20:16:12,906 Debra Reid: That's the lasting consequence of 1886 20:16:12,973 --> 20:16:17,244 that war, automotive assembly line mentality in 1887 20:16:17,311 --> 20:16:19,112 tractor production. 1888 20:16:19,179 --> 20:16:21,415 And then I find it fascinating because the 1889 20:16:21,481 --> 20:16:23,817 numbers of farmers is not increasing, it's not like 1890 20:16:23,884 --> 20:16:25,252 people on the road. 1891 20:16:25,319 --> 20:16:29,423 There's a shrinking sales pool constantly for this 1892 20:16:29,489 --> 20:16:32,059 business, that consolidation of 1893 20:16:32,125 --> 20:16:36,196 production in fewer and fewer companies really 1894 20:16:36,263 --> 20:16:39,499 factors into the changes in rural America that I 1895 20:16:39,566 --> 20:16:42,936 think have lasting consequences today. 1896 20:16:43,003 --> 20:16:44,671 ?? 1897 20:16:53,614 --> 20:16:56,083 here at PBS Wisconsin. And 1898 20:16:56,483 --> 20:16:59,152 documentary, Tractor Warss 1899 20:17:00,220 --> 20:17:02,356 first and first and say 1900 20:17:03,457 --> 20:17:05,792 Whether you are already a 1901 20:17:06,527 --> 20:17:09,129 whether you're about to or 1902 20:17:09,196 --> 20:17:11,532 Wisconsin, it is viewers 1903 20:17:12,633 --> 20:17:15,302 like Tractor Wars possible. 1904 20:17:17,271 --> 20:17:19,506 public media. And if you 1905 20:17:21,141 --> 20:17:23,477 right time to make thathe 1906 20:17:24,478 --> 20:17:26,747 time is now. The numbers 1907 20:17:26,813 --> 20:17:29,283 your screen, one (800)2 of 1908 20:17:31,218 --> 20:17:33,921 have just watched a program 1909 20:17:33,987 --> 20:17:36,557 enjoyed that. And you know, 1910 20:17:37,257 --> 20:17:39,626 anywhere else, I would have 1911 20:17:39,693 --> 20:17:42,262 that. Then that's your cue. 1912 20:17:44,031 --> 20:17:46,433 this matters to you andt 1913 20:17:46,500 --> 20:17:48,769 making future programing of 1914 20:17:48,836 --> 20:17:50,971 1-800-236-3636.ble. 1915 20:17:54,174 --> 20:17:56,476 I'm a member of thearlson, 1916 20:17:56,543 --> 20:17:59,012 here at PBS Wisconsin, and 1917 20:17:59,613 --> 20:18:02,282 really enjoying thisve been 1918 20:18:02,950 --> 20:18:05,385 you're anything like me,f 1919 20:18:05,452 --> 20:18:07,621 questions. You want to 1920 20:18:07,688 --> 20:18:10,157 want a deeper dive intoyou 1921 20:18:10,624 --> 20:18:12,960 it's all how it's alld how 1922 20:18:13,460 --> 20:18:15,596 And we have some fantasticy. 1923 20:18:15,662 --> 20:18:17,898 with that. So if you join 1924 20:18:18,532 --> 20:18:21,001 a month, you can choose $10 1925 20:18:21,702 --> 20:18:24,271 or the Tractor Wars book,VD 1926 20:18:26,907 --> 20:18:29,843 deep into everything that's 1927 20:18:29,910 --> 20:18:32,112 Tractor Wars and who's 1928 20:18:32,179 --> 20:18:34,515 the $15 a month level,n at 1929 20:18:35,482 --> 20:18:37,818 book and the DVD, and then 1930 20:18:38,418 --> 20:18:40,754 you'll receive as a thank 1931 20:18:42,689 --> 20:18:45,259 Tractor Wars mug, which has 1932 20:18:47,261 --> 20:18:50,030 Tractor Wars logo. It's ahe 1933 20:18:50,097 --> 20:18:52,566 beautiful blue inside.is 1934 20:18:52,633 --> 20:18:54,768 the tea and the hat. Sod 1935 20:18:55,736 --> 20:18:58,305 the book, the DVD, the hatl, 1936 20:18:59,306 --> 20:19:01,775 I'm gonna hand it off toat, 1937 20:19:03,410 --> 20:19:05,746 1-800-236-3636.s a call 1938 20:19:08,615 --> 20:19:10,918 I'm a volunteer here. In, 1939 20:19:10,984 --> 20:19:13,720 been a faithful volunteerve 1940 20:19:13,787 --> 20:19:16,356 because I believe in public 1941 20:19:17,090 --> 20:19:19,293 encourage you to support 1942 20:19:19,359 --> 20:19:21,929 of 80,000 households thate 1943 20:19:24,064 --> 20:19:26,400 here in Wisconsin, at PBS 1944 20:19:27,167 --> 20:19:30,070 important, I'm a sustaining 1945 20:19:30,137 --> 20:19:32,706 That means that I've made a. 1946 20:19:34,708 --> 20:19:36,844 decided I want to givee 1947 20:19:37,177 --> 20:19:39,880 Wisconsin. It's better for 1948 20:19:39,947 --> 20:19:42,282 It's better for PBSning. 1949 20:19:43,183 --> 20:19:45,619 planning as well. So I have 1950 20:19:45,686 --> 20:19:48,255 And every month PBS my bank. 1951 20:19:48,655 --> 20:19:50,991 amount of money. It's ao X 1952 20:19:51,792 --> 20:19:54,127 get what I want, I get easy 1953 20:19:55,028 --> 20:19:57,264 television, and I get to 1954 20:19:59,733 --> 20:20:02,202 in a good, consistent way. 1955 20:20:02,603 --> 20:20:05,172 my consistent support. Its 1956 20:20:06,073 --> 20:20:08,308 of the equation. It's ades 1957 20:20:08,375 --> 20:20:10,811 a wonderful opportunity for 1958 20:20:10,878 --> 20:20:13,447 member at whatever levelng 1959 20:20:13,881 --> 20:20:16,517 It's really easy to do. you. 1960 20:20:16,583 --> 20:20:19,119 website. You can call usthe 1961 20:20:19,186 --> 20:20:21,655 >> You know, PBS Wisconsin 1962 20:20:24,391 --> 20:20:27,127 of Wisconsin for over 70ple 1963 20:20:27,194 --> 20:20:29,530 Wisconsin Public Radio, 1964 20:20:29,863 --> 20:20:32,399 public radio stations int 1965 20:20:32,466 --> 20:20:35,135 And here's an interestings. 1966 20:20:35,669 --> 20:20:38,505 the original purpose ofars, 1967 20:20:38,572 --> 20:20:41,375 weather reports for farmers. 1968 20:20:42,109 --> 20:20:44,811 over the generations grew 1969 20:20:44,878 --> 20:20:46,914 if we can do weather well, 1970 20:20:46,980 --> 20:20:49,550 probably also doers, we can 1971 20:20:49,983 --> 20:20:52,452 children. And if we can do 1972 20:20:52,519 --> 20:20:54,254 children, well then youfor 1973 20:20:54,321 --> 20:20:56,890 the kind of heartfeltng you 1974 20:20:57,558 --> 20:20:59,826 sensationalism of all thee 1975 20:20:59,893 --> 20:21:02,496 that are developing. Ands 1976 20:21:02,563 --> 20:21:05,032 found a new purpose forion 1977 20:21:06,500 --> 20:21:08,635 you're part of the next 1978 20:21:09,136 --> 20:21:11,471 what purpose can we serve 1979 20:21:11,905 --> 20:21:14,374 can we continue to growhow 1980 20:21:14,842 --> 20:21:17,511 entire community across the 1981 20:21:18,812 --> 20:21:21,381 you picking up the phoneith 1982 20:21:22,316 --> 20:21:24,451 three six, three, 636. 1983 20:21:26,753 --> 20:21:29,089 legacy to be a part of. And 1984 20:21:29,923 --> 20:21:32,259 PBS Wisconsin wants tond 1985 20:21:32,860 --> 20:21:35,462 of that to our members. And 1986 20:21:35,529 --> 20:21:37,998 joining us today, today is 1987 20:21:38,765 --> 20:21:41,101 time to join us? Join us at 1988 20:21:42,002 --> 20:21:44,471 we'd love to thank you with 1989 20:21:45,138 --> 20:21:47,474 the Tractor Wars DVD. And 1990 20:21:49,776 --> 20:21:52,012 you can take home as ael, 1991 20:21:54,081 --> 20:21:56,550 DVD you don't have tond the 1992 20:21:57,084 --> 20:21:59,553 a month level, we'd love to 1993 20:22:00,153 --> 20:22:02,723 the DVD, this PBS Wisconsin 1994 20:22:05,259 --> 20:22:08,128 just belongs to the outside. 1995 20:22:08,195 --> 20:22:10,831 but I think it's forrlier, 1996 20:22:10,898 --> 20:22:12,933 tractor. So think about 1997 20:22:13,000 --> 20:22:15,469 who you'd love to give this 1998 20:22:15,903 --> 20:22:18,238 well. So at $25 a month, as 1999 20:22:18,939 --> 20:22:21,275 the hat and the mug. AndD, 2000 20:22:21,975 --> 20:22:24,678 I think you love knowingift. 2001 20:22:24,745 --> 20:22:27,047 PBS Wisconsin communityhe 2002 20:22:27,114 --> 20:22:29,683 call 1-800-236-3636.e us a 2003 20:22:32,953 --> 20:22:34,888 members, we should make a 2004 20:22:34,955 --> 20:22:37,257 all members, of course,hank 2005 20:22:37,324 --> 20:22:39,793 Wisconsin, but a specialS 2006 20:22:40,194 --> 20:22:42,396 members of the Heritage 2007 20:22:42,462 --> 20:22:45,032 people who have includedof 2008 20:22:45,832 --> 20:22:48,035 estate plans, in their 2009 20:22:48,101 --> 20:22:50,571 ongoing gift even afteran 2010 20:22:51,138 --> 20:22:53,607 easily take care of that by 2011 20:22:54,408 --> 20:22:56,877 can give us a call. There's 2012 20:22:57,477 --> 20:23:00,147 about that or in theebsite 2013 20:23:00,214 --> 20:23:02,683 as well. The point is, we'd 2014 20:23:03,116 --> 20:23:05,352 you are interested in if 2015 20:23:05,419 --> 20:23:07,754 PBS Wisconsin. It's just 2016 20:23:08,589 --> 20:23:11,158 the service that you enjoyt 2017 20:23:11,825 --> 20:23:14,394 for others to enjoy through 2018 20:23:15,896 --> 20:23:18,365 Wisconsin, whether it's a 2019 20:23:19,032 --> 20:23:21,535 estate plan, whatever. Give 2020 20:23:21,602 --> 20:23:24,171 about PBS Wisconsin, and 2021 20:23:24,238 --> 20:23:26,240 (800) 236-3636.nt at 2022 20:23:29,743 --> 20:23:32,212 a wonderful example of ais 2023 20:23:33,013 --> 20:23:35,249 who are going above ands 2024 20:23:36,316 --> 20:23:39,152 PBS Wisconsin. Here'srt for 2025 20:23:39,219 --> 20:23:41,722 leadership circles. There's 2026 20:23:41,788 --> 20:23:43,757 the producer's circle.and 2027 20:23:43,824 --> 20:23:45,959 giving $100 a month ore 2028 20:23:47,594 --> 20:23:50,163 at times, because they have 2029 20:23:50,764 --> 20:23:53,000 of us have the means to do 2030 20:23:53,400 --> 20:23:55,736 those who do and who value 2031 20:23:56,270 --> 20:23:58,639 Wisconsin, they're stepping 2032 20:23:58,705 --> 20:24:00,874 been doing that for years 2033 20:24:00,941 --> 20:24:03,277 of them stepped up moreme 2034 20:24:03,810 --> 20:24:05,846 federal funding dried up,e 2035 20:24:05,913 --> 20:24:08,382 I'm going to help fill that 2036 20:24:08,849 --> 20:24:11,318 I have the passion. And you 2037 20:24:11,785 --> 20:24:14,087 Public media has never been 2038 20:24:14,154 --> 20:24:16,490 right now, because we are 2039 20:24:16,990 --> 20:24:19,226 folks, whether it's $5 a 2040 20:24:19,993 --> 20:24:22,563 make that possible, give us 2041 20:24:24,131 --> 20:24:26,266 >> And we'd love to have 2042 20:24:29,036 --> 20:24:31,638 with PBS Wisconsin. Okay, 2043 20:24:31,705 --> 20:24:34,041 look at our gifts tonight 2044 20:24:34,541 --> 20:24:37,110 with. We have some amazingu 2045 20:24:37,878 --> 20:24:39,913 to talk to you. And I don't 2046 20:24:39,980 --> 20:24:42,216 to talk to one of thesece 2047 20:24:43,116 --> 20:24:45,686 us a call 1-800-236-3636 at 2048 20:24:46,520 --> 20:24:48,989 love to thank you with thed 2049 20:24:51,158 --> 20:24:53,493 Tractor Wars DVD. Then at 2050 20:24:54,995 --> 20:24:57,464 love to thank you with both 2051 20:24:58,765 --> 20:25:01,235 the $25 a month level,nd at 2052 20:25:03,737 --> 20:25:06,206 the DVD, the PBS Wisconsin 2053 20:25:08,308 --> 20:25:10,644 mug. Now, you might bears 2054 20:25:11,278 --> 20:25:13,614 my life who. I'd love to in 2055 20:25:14,147 --> 20:25:16,750 volunteers make that easy, 2056 20:25:16,817 --> 20:25:19,386 address ready so that youir 2057 20:25:19,820 --> 20:25:22,022 phone and we can send that 2058 20:25:22,089 --> 20:25:24,424 them. So visit us on theto 2059 20:25:25,392 --> 20:25:27,861 make a donation, or give us 2060 20:25:29,563 --> 20:25:32,132 >> For confirmation.3636. 2061 20:25:35,002 --> 20:25:37,237 do make that call or goou 2062 20:25:38,005 --> 20:25:40,474 at any of these levels,ber 2063 20:25:41,241 --> 20:25:43,377 you'll get "Airwaves" 2064 20:25:43,810 --> 20:25:46,446 once a month for the coming, 2065 20:25:46,513 --> 20:25:48,849 of your support for PBSit 2066 20:25:49,316 --> 20:25:51,652 wonderful benefit is PBS 2067 20:25:52,819 --> 20:25:54,821 library of streaming 2068 20:25:57,224 --> 20:25:59,793 you may have seen or heard 2069 20:25:59,860 --> 20:26:02,095 that haven't yet come to 2070 20:26:02,963 --> 20:26:05,299 the air. That's aner be on 2071 20:26:05,799 --> 20:26:08,268 programs from around thef 2072 20:26:08,335 --> 20:26:10,671 of the benefits you get as 2073 20:26:12,105 --> 20:26:14,441 at $35 or more per year. So 2074 20:26:17,477 --> 20:26:19,947 were suggesting certainlyls 2075 20:26:20,013 --> 20:26:22,349 PBS Passport. So what you 2076 20:26:23,984 --> 20:26:27,054 It's unforgettable anderful. 2077 20:26:27,120 --> 20:26:29,590 there's more. And this is 2078 20:26:29,656 --> 20:26:31,892 that more, all madess to 2079 20:26:33,360 --> 20:26:36,029 households that are members 2080 20:26:36,797 --> 20:26:39,132 possible by you, I hope.e 2081 20:26:41,301 --> 20:26:43,637 If not, go to the phone now 2082 20:26:44,204 --> 20:26:46,440 >> You're as aware as I am 2083 20:26:50,177 --> 20:26:52,679 challenging time for public 2084 20:26:52,746 --> 20:26:55,315 months and years. There was 2085 20:26:56,316 --> 20:26:58,886 funding landscape, and the 2086 20:26:59,853 --> 20:27:02,523 consternation, right? How 2087 20:27:02,589 --> 20:27:05,158 to survive this, this major 2088 20:27:08,595 --> 20:27:10,931 source. And I can't speak 2089 20:27:11,265 --> 20:27:13,500 there, but I can tell you 2090 20:27:14,001 --> 20:27:16,336 stepped up and you filled 2091 20:27:17,204 --> 20:27:19,540 as strong as ever because 2092 20:27:21,341 --> 20:27:23,810 key now is to keep it going, 2093 20:27:24,711 --> 20:27:27,381 strong together, to sustain 2094 20:27:29,116 --> 20:27:31,451 built. And you can do your 2095 20:27:32,085 --> 20:27:34,755 1-800-236-3636. Thanks for 2096 20:27:36,657 --> 20:27:38,325 [MUSIC]g. 2097 20:27:50,370 --> 20:27:53,273 ?? 1-800-236-3636. Thanks for 2098 20:27:58,312 --> 20:27:59,980 ?? 2099 20:28:06,320 --> 20:28:07,988 ?? 2100 20:28:14,094 --> 20:28:15,762 ??