- Good evening everyone, my name is Todd Goode and I'm the Associate Dean in the College of Letters and Science at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and I'd like to welcome you tonight to the October installment of the 2016-2017 community lecture series sponsored by the College of Letters and Science. Tonight's presenter is Dr. David Chunyu, an associate professor in the Department of Sociology and Social Work at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and his discussion tonight will focus upon emergent ghettos, black neighborhoods in New York and Chicago, 1880-1940. Dr. Chunyu is originally from Tianjin China, a city in Northeast China with a population of just under 4 million people, and surprisingly a climate very similar to that in Wisconsin, and that was one of the reasons why David was attracted to the position here. David joined us in 2012, after receiving his PhD from the state university of New York at Albany, and has research interests in the study of migration and immigration patterns, race and ethnicity, and urban sociology and social demography. Dr. Chunyu's talk tonight will address the conventional idea that black-white segregation in northern cities was conventionally believed to start after the Great Migration, and he will present an alternative view of that based on the analyses of New York City and Chicago, 1880-1940, from census data and historical street maps. Although the high segregation and isolation in the black ghettos had crystalized by 1940, the segregation patterns were firmly in place by 1980, or 1880, excuse me, and Dr. Chunyu will illustrate that tonight. Without any further ado, I'd like to introduce Dr. David Chunyu.  [applause]   - Thank you so much, everyone, thank you for being here, and thank you for giving me this opportunity to share my work. As you can tell from this slide, I'm only one of the many co-authors of this work. This is actually a research project that got started when I was doing postdoc research work at Brown University. And it was finalized after I came to UW-Stevens Point. Eventually this work became a paper that was published in the American Journal of Sociology, last year. So, today's talk is mainly based on this paper. And as you can tell from the title of my talk, Our focus is about emerging ghettos in the early time period. By ghetto, we refer to certain areas in the city that has a concentration of racial minorities. That is often associated with lower socio-economic status. And, here, we examine the detailed residential patterns of blacks in Northern cities. The time period we focus on was, as you can see, is between 1880 and 1940. And for those of you who are familiar with history, there is some kind of a connection between this time period and the Great Migration. Because, basically, the first half of this period was before the Great Migration, and the second half the period was after the Great Migration. The Great Migration refers to the large scale population movement of blacks from the rural South to the northern cities after the first World War, due to the labor shortage in the northern cities as a result of industrialization. Now, related to the Great Migration, one common view among the urban scholars is racial segregation that resulted in the formation of ghettos was mainly a thing after the Great Migration. Basically, they are arguing that before the Great Migration there was a small number of blacks in northern cities, and they typically lived in integrated neighborhoods with blacks. And, in other words, there was no segregation before the Great Migration. But, our research suggests some finding that supports the Alternative View. The Alternative view is, even before the Great Migration, there was already some distinctive features that define the formation of the ghetto. And we based our conclusion on two pieces of information, or two key findings, which are really two major research questions of our research. The first major research question was, what was the level of segregation in the early time period, before 1880. And we're esp