cc  >> Another History Sandwiched In  at the Wisconsin Historical  Museum.  Today, May being archeology  month, we have a couple of  archeological programs this  month.  And you may not have noticed,  but if you go by on Atlas Avenue  in Madison, there's this  nondescript building, that's why  you haven't noticed it.  It doesn't have any signs.  You can go up to it, it's all  locked.  And that is the secret  headquarters of the Museum  Archeology Program.  And it's very rare.  It's more rare than having the  NSA or the CIA come and speak to  you.  But we have someone from the  Museum Archeology Program today,  and she is going to be talking  about Woodland pottery.  So please welcome to History  Sandwiched In Elizabeth Reetz. 

 (applause)  >> Elizabeth Reetz: Good  afternoon, I'm Elizabeth Reetz.  I'm a field director with the  Museum Archeology Program.  And what we do is fieldwork  across the state of the  Wisconsin, usually for the DOT  and the DNR to make sure there  are no archeological or cultural  resources in the way of  construction.  And we've been doing some  fieldwork in Burnett County,  Wisconsin, which is the  northwestern part of the state  along the St. Croix River.  We've been working along highway  77, which is highlighted there,  in the vicinity of Webb Lake.  And this fieldwork started in  2006.  We went up and did some survey  alongside of the road just to  make sure there were no  archaeological resources, and we  found one small campsite at the  time and a few undocumented  conical burial mounts.  The DOT did some redesign and  decided that they needed to  adjust some driveway profiles to  match the new road  reconstruction.  So we went back up in 2009 to do  the driveways, and once we got  away from the road we started  hitting a lot of archaeological  resources.  We found a few campsites. 

 This is what we've done in 2009  to 2010.  We looked at all of these sites.  Webb Lake is divided into two  parts, upper and lower, and all  of our sites were concentrated  around the lakes.  There are two mound groups.  One was recorded, one we found  in 2006.  And then the campsites are  Webb Lake Narrows,  Cornelius' Lookout,  South Webb Lake,  Little Surprise down in  the gully, and Eagle View.  And we ended up going back and  doing further work in terms of  archaeological excavations  because the DOT, at that point,  could not avoid impacting some  of these site areas.  So we needed to go and make  sure, just test the level of  significance of these sites.  So in the scheme of northwest  Wisconsin, Burnett County is  highlighted.  There hasn't been a lot of work  done in that part of the state. 

 The sites that have been  recorded, I think this map is  from the late '80s, early '90s,  most of the sites are along the  river drainages and lakes.  So where we are is highlighted  in red, that's Webb Lake.  Not a whole lot of sites in that  area.  So it's really interesting and  really fortunate that we were  able to hit some archaeological  resources and be able to  investigate them further.  Northern Wisconsin, the  chronology is still very loosely  defined for the remainder of the  state, and southern Wisconsin we  have a very, maybe not clearly  defined, but we have a better  defined chronology of our  archaeological history.  Beginning with the Paleoindian  period about 10,000 years ago.  Which transitioned into the  archaic.  Woodland is more well-defined in  southern Wisconsin and then last  Oneota and historic where  European contact came in.  In northern Wisconsin this is  more based on the Green Bay area  where there is a little bit more  information.  There's a lot of dashed lines. 

 Things aren't as well-known.  There are some evidence for very  short occupations.  I think some arrowheads or spear  points have been found from the  late Paleoindian and the middle  archaic in northwestern  Wisconsin.  The Woodland period, when  ceramics started being  introduced, is also present in  northwestern Wisconsin, but the  earlier occupations are not very  well-defined.  Maybe not even recognized.  And then we have our middle and  late Woodland occupations.  What's highlighted there is we  were able to get seven  radiocarbon dates off of tribe  residue from pottery.  And our dates fell within that  time period from about 200 AD to  1100 AD.  So the ceramics that I'll be  talking about all fit within  that time period of the middle  to late Woodland in northwestern  Wisconsin.  So what we know about the  Woodland period in northwestern  Wisconsin, we get our evidence  from adjacent areas. 

 We have some information from  Minnesota around the Mille Lacs  locality where a lot more  excavation has been done and a  chronology has been developed.  The three-stage approach to  early, middle and late Woodlands  doesn't work as well in  northwestern Wisconsin.  So people in Minnesota use what  they call the initial Woodland  and terminal Woodland  designations.  So in the early Woodland, we  start seeing thick,  grit-tempered ceramics.  Grit-tempered meaning they had  to add grit or crushed rock in  with the clay to make the clay  more plastic and the pots easier  to make so they didn't dry out  and break apart.  We don't see ceramics before the  Woodland period.  Burial mounds start to appear.  In northern Wisconsin they are  round mounds, we call them  conical mounds.  We also start to see storage  facilities, which can indicate a  little bit longer term  campsites.  In the Woodland period, the  early Woodland, there's a little  bit of, I wouldn't say farming,  but people are starting to use  crops and domesticate crops but  they're mostly traveling and  they're harvesting wild plants  and hunting. 

 There are small migratory  groups.  There's not large campsites yet.  And some of the pottery types I  will be talking about from this  period include the type small  --, Brainard, Laurel and Fox  Lake which are all defined in  Minnesota.  And the terminal Woodland, the  ceramics become thinner, more  refined.  A lot of decoration.  The pots become smaller.  In northern Wisconsin there is  evidence for farming to some  degree.  They could not have depended on  it.  They were probably heavily  fishing and hunting still.  We still have burial mounds. 

 The lithic assemblage that we  find are very small, triangular  arrowheads.  So the bow and arrow was being  used at this time.  And things are, in general, not  as popularized as in southern  Wisconsin where in the late  Woodland we have large effigy  mounds, bigger settlements, more  evidence of farming, evidence of  using corn and a lot of evidence  for extensive trade.  The pottery types found in  Burnett County from the terminal  Woodland include the Onamia and  St. Croix, Blackduck and Kathio,  which were all defined in  Minnesota, and then Clam River  which was defined in Burnett  County.  So beginning with the earliest,  we did find one Malmo vessel or  fragments of a Malmo vessel.  This would be a large conoidal  vessel which is sort of  triangular shaped.  Very thick.  Very large pieces of rock in the  temper.  They were crushing granite and  quartz and sometimes limestone  and adding that to the temper.  The vessels have a plain or  smooth surface versus we see a  lot of cord marking on a lot of  Woodland pottery. 

 That's not really seen in Malmo.  And early pottery, this Malmo is  showing decorations including  slashes with sticks, punctates  which are creating holes.  Bosses show up on the opposite  side of a punctate.  If you push in one side, you get  a depression, and then you get a  boss on the other side.  And dentate stamping which is  another implement used to  impress the pottery to make  different designs and/or holes.  Malmo was identified in the  Mille Lacs region of Minnesota.  And it has some similarities  with pottery found in lower in  the Mississippi Valley region.  So there is the Mille Lacs  locality in comparison to  Burnett County.  It's pretty close.  It's a lot closer than most of  what we know about the Woodland  period from Wisconsin. 

 So a lot of this research is  focusing on what they have found  in the Mille Lacs region.  This is some of our Malmo vessel  that we were able to piece  together.  It's pretty thick.  You can see the scale there.  The top is the exterior of the  vessel.  So we have very large, very  closely spaced bosses.  And that's it for the decoration  on the outside.  You can see some of the really  large pieces of grit that I was  talking about.  They're the lighter pieces that  are sort of sticking out of the  pottery.  And on the interior, those are  the punctates. 

 Probably pushed in with the end  of a reed or a stick.  And there are some oblique  slashes that were probably also  made with a stick.  They were sort of pushed into  the pottery and dragged up to  the top.  And then along the rim there are  also slashes.  And on this vessel we can  actually see when we piece it  together where they started  making the slashes and where  they stopped.  So that was, it's neat to see  because they do vary in  direction.  They're not all consistent.  They don't always point the same  way.  Some of them are going straight  across and some of them are more  diagonal.  So it's neat to see the  variation in one type of  pottery. 

 On your left is part of the  vessel that we found during  excavation.  Broken apart.  We weren't quite able to piece  all of that back together  because a lot of it was split.  The exterior and the interior  surfaces fell apart.  And on the right is an example  from Mille Lacs of a Malmo  vessel that was reconstructed.  So a very large vessel.  This is what ours would assemble  to look like if we found more  fragments of it.  And we only found a very small  portion of the rim area so  there's a lot of this left in  the ground.  So our next type of pottery is a  little bit later.  We've already moved out of the  initial Woodland in our project  area, and Onamia and St. Croix  are originally two types  from Minnesota that are now  being described as one type. 

 It's considered a transitional  type from the middle Woodland to  the initial Woodland.  The vessels are definitely  smaller, slightly more rounded,  not as triangular, they're more  portable.  The exteriors are cord-marked.  Which is beneficial for  increasing the surface area and  cooking.  There's very distinct decorative  motifs that we find on the  Onamia/St. Croix pottery.  One of the most common varieties  is called the dentate stamped  variety, and it would have been  made with an implement that was  carved from bone or wood to look  like a comb and then pressed  into the pottery.  And it was defined from Pine  County Minnesota, which actually  is right next to Burnett County.  So this is a very local pottery  type.  And it's no surprise that we  found it during our excavations.  Onamia is also around the Mille  Lacs region. 

 So, once again, very close to  where we're working.  And here are two examples of  Onamia/St. Croix pottery.  On the left would be more of the  St. Croix variety.  And you can see the dentate  stamps.  It looks like it was a comb  about four or five prongs wide.  And we were able to get a  radiocarbon date from residue  that spilled over and charred on  the outside of the vessel.  And that is AD 620 to 690 which  fits very well within the  defined chronology of Onamia and  St. Croix.  And on the right we have a  smaller fragment that does have  some similarities to other types  of pottery, but the radiocarbon  date did come back with an  earlier date which would put it  within the spectrum of St.  Croix/Onamia ware.  >> How deep did you dig to find  this?  >> Reetz: This was about 15 to  20 centimeters below the ground  surface which is about a foot. 

 So not very deep at all.  Here are some examples to  compare to.  These are from Minnesota.  These are part of the wares that  help define the type.  And you can see the cord-wrapped  stick impressions on the one on  the left similar to the one on  the right here.  And another dentate stamped  variety.  So it's pretty textbook what we  found, which is really great to  fit into the chronology of that  region.  This is the Cornelius Lookout  site, one of the five sites that  we excavated.  And this is essentially where we  discovered these vessels.  So it's on a nice high terrace  that has a great view of the  lake. 

 Not a bad place to live and  camp.  Moving on, we have the  Blackduck/Kathio/Clam River  continuum.  These are also three different  types of pottery.  Blackduck and Kathio were  defined in Minnesota.  Clam River was defined in  Burnett County.  They call it a continuum because  even though they were initially  designed or classified as three  different types of pottery,  there are such similarities that  you often cannot tell them  apart.  The same sort of decorative  elements.  They are sometimes separated  based on spatial location.  But if they don't have elements  of other types of Clam River or  Blackduck or Kathio pottery,  they are considered part of the  continuum because they  essentially can't be told apart.  And I read that most excavations  with precontact components in  Minnesota will have this type of  pottery from the continuum. 

 So it's very prevalent.  It's all across the north.  The decorations that we see on  this type of pottery include the  cord-wrapped stick impressions  which are really common on all  types of pottery that we see in  the northwest.  It also has comb stamping.  Punctates of all kinds,  round punctates, oval punctates,  punctates made with a knot.  And a distinct vertical brushing  which looks like someone took a  comb and ran it down the side of  the pot.  They are rounder jars.  Smaller than what we saw in the  initial Woodland and typically  used for cooking and  portability.  So in yellow is Burnett County  and our Clam River area.  This is the documented  distribution of the Clam River  type of the continuum. 

 In red is the traditional  distribution of our Kathio ware  and then Blackduck is to the  north in Minnesota.  But despite the boundaries, we  do see the varieties  overlapping, and we do have  Blackduck documented in Burnett  County within the Clam River  distribution.  Here are three examples of some  of the Blackduck/Kathio/  Clam River ware that we found.  These are all from the  Webb Lake Narrows site.  On the top you can see some very  fine cord-wrapped stick  impression, horizontal along the  vessel.  And then sort of a pine tree  type comb stamping or punctate.  And the lip of the vessel is  missing off of this one.  And maybe 200 feet away we found  the second one, has sort of  almond shaped punctates and a  much thicker cord-wrapped stick  impression.  So there's a lot of variety in  even the types of decorative  elements that these people were  using.  Below is the inside and the  outside of one vessel. 

 We have tiny round punctates,  very fine cord-wrapped stick  impressions, and then oblique  thin cord-wrapped stick  impressions, on the opposite  side a much thicker impression.  This is one we just found in the  last three weeks.  We've been up digging pretty  much the entire month of April.  And we found our first piece of  pottery with a triangle on it.  So I've seen these in the  literature, and we ended up  finding one in the field which  is pretty neat.  We have our oblique cord-wrapped  stick impressions along the top  of the rim.  And then we have our punctates,  more horizontal cord-wrapped  stick impressions.  Lower on the rim would have been  a triangular motif that probably  went around in a band.  And then there's a view of the  rim where they weren't making  the impressions all the way  across the lip like we typically  see.  But the ones on the interior and  the exterior show up in sort of  a crimped pattern on the top. 

 Here's another one that we found  in the last three weeks.  This one, towards the bottom of  the sherd of pottery, you can  see what we call cord marking.  It's very crimpy and wavy and  textured.  And there are some faint  cord-wrapped stick impressions  going across the exterior of the  rim.  And very faintly you can see  across the interior and exterior  of the lip we have more  cord-wrapped stick impressions.  And the cord-wrapped stick  impressions are what makes it  very difficult to tell the  Blackduck/Kathio/Clam River  pottery apart from one another.  They all have this type of  decoration.  Here is a third vessel that we  found just three weeks ago.  It has the punctates.  And the stamping is a little bit  different. 

 I haven't had a chance to  analyze this vessel yet and  figure out what exactly made  that stamp.  It looks more like a feather or  a fish bone.  Not the typical cord-wrapped  stick impression that you would  see.  So I'm looking forward to  investigating that further and  figuring out what that's all  about.  >> Do tules or bulrushes grow up  there?  >> Reetz: That I'm not sure.  But it definitely looks like it  could be some sort of a plant.  I'm not sure what would make  that impression.  And the same stamping device was  also used on the inside of the  rim.  These are examples of Kathio  vessels from Minnesota.  And if you remember back in the  pictures, you see a lot of the  same design elements. 

 The cord-wrapped stick  impressions and the positioning  of them.  Yes?  >> Would each person do their  own design?  Or would a clan do one design?  >> Reetz: Probably, well,  they're sort of defined  in terms of the cultures.  So the Blackduck culture that's  all across northern Minnesota  had a specific way of decorating  and creating their pottery,  which has similarities to the  way the Clam River people did  and the Kathio people.  So it's defined a little bit  more broadly than just clans.  It would probably be multiple  clans.  >> But they might use the same  implement but do their own  personal design on this piece?  >> Reetz: That could  be possible.  They have the same sort of  things at their disposal, reeds  and sticks, fibers for cords,  bone and wood to create their  stamps out of.  And the technique of their  decorating may have been passed  down from generation to  generation.  Sorry, I'm going backwards.  This is the South Webb Lake  site. 

 This is earlier this month.  This particular two-by-two block  is where we found this vessel  here.  Essentially encased in the roots  of that tiny little tree that  you see right there.  So, as you can see, we're hardly  into the ground surface, and we  started finding a lot of pottery  really quickly.  Focusing more on the Clam River  type of pottery, this was  defined by WC McKern, who worked  with the Milwaukee  Public Museum.  And defined doing excavations in  the 1930s at the Mound Beach  group and the -- Mound group,  which is on the shore of Clam  Lake, south of the Webb Lake  area where we were working.  There's three varieties of this  pottery that have been defined  between the '30s and the '80s.  And we have the plain comb type  which has a little bit of  combing where it looks like they  were combing the vessel but  otherwise very little  decoration.  And we have the cord-stamped  type, which is, essentially, the  Blackduck/Kathio/Clam River,  it's the cord-wrapped stick  impressions that you can't tell  apart from one type to the  other.  And then a twisted cord which  is, essentially, twisting up a  fiber and pressing it on to the  vessel. 

 And the twisted cord impressions  are more indicative of the Clam  River type of this continuum.  And it's possibly related to  Madison ware pottery found more  in southern Wisconsin which is  the effigy mound culture.  Had a lot of types of pottery  where they used twisted cords as  a decorative element.  So there's the location of Clam  Lake in comparison to Webb Lake.  It's very close.  This is one of the mounds that  McKern excavated in the 1930s.  Much, much larger than anything  we see further north in Burnett  County.  And that's McKern himself.  These are examples of the  twisted cord variety of Clam  River ware that we've recovered  from our excavations.  The top one we were able to  receive a date from which came  AD 1030 to 1220. 

 It does fit nicely within the  documented dates.  The documented dates are  disputed.  They could be as early as 500 AD  according to some researchers.  And also could be argued to be  as late as the 1700s depending  on the radiocarbon date that has  come back.  Commonly, the twisted cords go  horizontally across the outside  of the vessel.  We did find one example where  they are oblique, and on the  bottom left that's the interior  and the exterior of the same  vessel.  So they did impress a little bit  of the twisted cord into an  oblique impression on the  inside.  Yes?  >> Could twisted cord have been  a handle or a cradle so you can  more easily carry these and  gather seeds?  >> Reetz: There are some pottery  types that were carried around  in bags, and fabric or textile  makes a slightly different  impression.  So this would have been intently  twisting a cord and impressing  it right on the pottery before  it was fired.  This is our one example of the  Clam River plain. 

 You can sort of see on the top  of the rim there are impressions  from a knot where someone made a  knot out of cord and impressed  it on to the top.  Otherwise, the outside of the  vessel was completely smoothed  over, there are no more cord  markings.  And there was a lot of charred  residue on the outside of this  vessel as well.  That came back with a date of  1160 to 1270.  This is a reconstruction of a  vessel from the Clam Lake  excavation.  You can see the triangular  motif.  That's similar to some of the  Blackduck/Kathio/Clam River ware  that we found.  And this would have been the  shape of the vessels that we  see.  Blackduck has also been found in  Burnett County even though it's  slightly more south of the  documented distribution.  It's typically defined in the  far north of Minnesota where it  meets with Canada and it goes  across into the Upper Peninsula. 

 Blackduck is very widespread in  Minnesota.  It's been divided into more  phases.  The later phases will have  fabric or textile impressions,  and that has more recently been  incorporated into a different  type of pottery called Rainy  River from the north of  Minnesota.  The earlier stuff is what would  be considered part of the  Blackduck/Kathio/Clam River  continuum.  We still have the deeply  impressed cord-wrapped stick  impressions.  They're a little bit more  pronounced in Blackduck pottery  than they are with the continuum  pottery.  Circular punctates are pretty  much a defining characteristic  of Blackduck ware and very heavy  and distinct vertical brushing.  This is the reconstruction of a  vessel we found at a site called  Down in the Gully.  And it has very distinct  vertical brushing.  We were able to piece together a  lot of this vessel. 

 It has the cord-wrapped stick  impressions on the exterior, the  interior and across the lip of  the vessel which gives it a  really wavy appearance.  On the outside, it's hard to  see, but there are circular  punctates which are above the  brushing, and then the brushing  transitions into the cord  marking that's common for these  types of vessels.  On the interior, there is also  some sort of smoothing or  brushing that goes horizontal  across the vessel.  And I'm not really sure what  that is or why that is there.  And this had a lot of charred  residue on it also so we were  able to get a date.  It came back with two different  dates.  But, essentially, between AD 900  and 1040.  >> On that horizontal one, how  do you know that might not just  be positioned wrong?  >> Reetz: What was  the question again?  >> Well, if you go back to the  last one.  That one.  >> Reetz: We have the horizontal  brushing along the interior. 

 >> So you know what's top and  bottom on all of these?  The one on the right, if you  just flip it over it's going to  be vertical lines.  >> Man 2: You can see  the upper edge.  >> Oh, I see it.  >> Reetz: Right, the very top  would be the opening  of the vessel.  >> I didn't notice that edge.  >> Reetz: And then it's  just a flip side.  So that would have been about a  22-centimeter diameter opening.  This is another example of a  Blackduck vessel found at  Cornelius Lookout.  The vertical brushing is very  distinct on the outside of the  vessel.  Also very, very thick, very wide  cord-wrapped stick impressions  that actually look like a  cord-wrapped stick was impressed  twice. 

 And the punctates are  a little bit unusual.  They were probably made with  some sort of a reed that had one  flattened edge.  And on the inside of this vessel  it made very nice, round bosses.  And, again, we see very heavy,  probably double cord-wrapped  stick impressions.  So those are our nicely defined  vessels from the Burnett County  excavations.  We did come back with a few  anomalies that we're still  trying to figure out how they  piece into the equation.  The vessel on the left has a lot  of decorative elements that we  see in our Blackduck/Kathio/Clam  River ware, however, it came  back with a radiocarbon date of  AD 140 to 390 which puts it into  the initial Woodland period.  The vessel is very thin.  It doesn't look like it  resembles much that we compare  to from that time period.  But there could be a reasoning  for the early date. 

 There is a type of pottery  called Brainard ware from  central Minnesota that has been  recorded to have cord-wrapped  stick impressions, though I  haven't seen anything that looks  similar to this.  And there is also something  called the reservoir effect  which has been documented in  Europe.  It is when you take a  radiocarbon date, if they had  been boiling fish or mussels,  the carbon isotopes in the  aquatic species sort of skews  the date of the radiocarbon to  up to 500 years.  So it is possibly a Blackduck  related vessel with a date  affected by cooking fish or  mussels.  Or it is an earlier type of  pottery that we haven't seen  documented yet.  Which is definitely not outside  the realm of possibility because  there has been so little work  done in the northwest.  The second vessel displays what  I was talking about earlier with  fabric or textile impressions,  or it could be net-impressed.  Brainard ware commonly has net  impressions.  What we don't see on this one is  when they made a net you would  see a knot where the cord  connected.  We don't see these. 

 This vessel is also thicker than  what's typically documented for  Brainard ware.  We weren't able to get a date on  this so I'm not quite sure where  it fits into our record.  It also has some elements that  have been recorded in the later  Blackduck ware that's from far  northern Minnesota.  That ware typically had fabric  impressed exteriors, which was  from maybe carrying it around in  a bag.  And the thickness fits that, but  it doesn't quite fit any  recorded definition that we have  yet.  Here are some examples of  Brainard ware where you can see  illustrations of the net  impressions.  And it might be hard to see in  this picture, but you can  vaguely see the diamond shapes  in that vessel on the right.  >> I have a question.  Has the museum staff attempted  reconstructing or making from  scratch these kind of vessels in  their department?  >> Reetz: The Museum Archeology  Program, no current staff have  attempted to do that, but Paul  was telling me that there are  other artists and archaeologists  in the state who have tried to  reconstruct pottery.  And it sounds like they're  trying to get him to come down  and do a presentation sometime. 

 Two other vessels that we found  a little bit closer to the lake.  This would be moving out of the  Woodland period now into what is  the Mississippian Oneota.  These vessels are similar to  documented Oneota types that are  further south in Minnesota along  the Minnesota River Valleys in  the Mississippi River.  Oneota vessels were typically  tempered with shell instead of  grit.  This one is grit-tempered.  And the further you are from the  rivers you will see some  grit-tempered examples.  They're thick, trailed lines.  This one looks  sort of like an E.  And then we have another vessel  which we were able to date which  would fall into the late  Woodland or the Mississippian or  Oneota timeframe.  There are no documented similar  vessels in northwestern  Wisconsin, and doing some  correspondence with  archaeologists from Minnesota,  and both of these vessels could  likely be similar to types from  the plains in southwestern  Minnesota where there would have  been bison hunters. 

 So it's not outside of the realm  of possibility that there were  more migrations and trading  going on than we knew.  Highlighted in purple would be  the plains area of Minnesota  where some similar types of  pottery have come from.  And in red where many of the  Oneota vessels have been  defined.  They're certainly distributed  across a much wider area of  Wisconsin.  A little bit farther away from  Burnett County, but there also  have been earlier types of  plains pottery called Fox Lake  that have been recorded in  excavations in Burnett County.  So we know that the plains type  have been there since the  initial Woodland and now we have  possible examples from the  terminal Woodland.  These are two examples of, on  the left is silver --.  It's an Oneota Mississippian  type from around the Red Wing  area.  And you can see the same thick  trailing.  It could be considered an E  shape depending on which way you  turn our piece of pottery. 

 And on the right is a Great  Oasis vessel from the plains  region of Minnesota with the  thin trailing, and there's  horizontal and oblique lines.  So there are definitely some  similarities between the two  types of pottery.  So we definitely need to do some  more exploring to see if we can  make a stronger connection  between what this pottery is and  where it was coming from.  Not all of our pottery had  really ornate, interesting  decorations on it.  Here are some examples of some  plain vessels which are smaller  and thinner, probably more  utilitarian.  These were found across the  project area.  And we also found some pieces of  smoking pipes.  These were found in the last  three weeks.  On the left is the inside and  outside of part of the bowl.  And it's a little rough. 

 It doesn't have any decoration  on it.  On the right could possibly be a  clay bead but possibly also the  mouthpiece of the pipe.  And this is an example of some  of the lithic assemblage that we  found in the last three weeks.  These are all very small  thumbnail size triangular points  that would have been arrowheads.  On the top they're made from a  calcimine that was local, it was  in the till.  It could have been from  Minnesota or northwestern  Wisconsin.  And we have some orthoquartzite  examples.  Orthoquartzite is common from  the Black River Falls area of  Wisconsin but also found in the  glacial till up there.  Not very high quality.  So this is an example of what we  found in the last three weeks. 

 We have a much wider range of  projectile points that we found  in the project area.  And this is just to show you the  context of the type of pottery  and the type of lithics that are  found together in the terminal  Woodland.  This is Webb Lake in the autumn.  This is where we got to excavate  last year.  It wasn't a bad place to be.  And this concludes my talk.  (applause)