[energetic instrumental music]
[UW-Madison Marching Band playing "On, Wisconsin!"]
[pressurized spray]
[cheers and applause]
- Dr. Bassam Shakhashiri: Hello, everyone,
and welcome to my lab.
I'm especially pleased that you are here
to celebrate this very wonderful anniversary.
And I want to thank the UW Band for being here.
Weren't they great?
[audience cheering]
They'll be back, they'll be back.
So, thank you very much.
I appreciate you being here,
and we'll see you shortly.
[cheers and applause]
So I ask you to pay attention
because if you pay attention you're going to learn.
And I want to make sure that you are really paying attention.
What does my T-shirt say?
- Audience: Science is fun.
- Oh, come on, you can do better than that.
What does my T-shirt say? - Audience: Science is fun!
- That's it, we need to have some enthusiasm
as we do experiments.
What I want to do now is a set of experiments
with carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide at room temperature is a gas.
It has no color. We can't see it.
And it has no smell.
We can't smell it.
But I'm going to do an experiment
with solid carbon dioxide.
This solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice."
Dry ice is at a temperature
of minus 78 degrees Celsius,
so I'm going to put these gloves
to protect my hands from frostbite.
I'm going to take a chunk of dry ice and put it right here.
It's very, very cold.
These gloves are not very good insulators,
but for this purpose, they're good enough.
And dry ice changes from being a solid to a gas
directly without melting.
When something changes from being a solid to a gas
directly without melting, we call that sublimation.
Can you say sublimation?
- Sublimation!
- Sublimation is happening right now but we can't see it.
How come we can't see it?
Because carbon dioxide gas is invisible, it's colorless.
So now I ask you to focus your attention
on what you see between my two hands here.
What shape objects are they?
- Cylinders! - They are cylindrical,
and how many of them are there?
- Six!
- And they seem to be arranged in pairs.
This pair has what color liquid in 'em?
- Blue!
- This one? - Pink!
- And this one? - Purple!
- And they all have liquids in them
because if I shake the table or if I shake them gently,
we know what liquids do.
We know that from experience.
We always try to make connections
between what we know and what we are experiencing right now.
That's why we learn how to memorize things.
We memorize things so we can use them.
So, let me ask you,
are you able to see the colors better this way?
- Yes. - Yeah!
- Or without the card? - No, with it!
- With the card, all right.
I'll put the card like that.
And these six cylinders
have in them
colored liquids.
And I'm going to take chunks of dry ice
and put the chunks of dry ice in the cylinders
in a very special way,
and when I get done, you're going to tell me
what that special way is.
Did I put the dry ice in every cylinder?
No, I put it in every other cylinder,
and do you see any changes?
- Yeah, yes! - Lots of changes.
You see color changes.
You see bubbles.
Those bubbles are carbon dioxide bubbles.
They're coming from the sublimation of the dry ice.
We don't see the sublimation right here
because gas is mixing with gas.
Over here, gas is mixing with liquid.
In fact, we also learned from this experiment
that carbon dioxide gas is not very soluble in water.
Otherwise, we would not be able to see the bubbles,
and the color changes are because
I put in some dyes there
that change as the acidity of the liquid changes.
So, I put these dyes--
and these dyes have their own names--
In this pair, it's called Bromothymol Blue,
and there's the pH scale that you can see,
and you can tell that the pH is lower now,
meaning that the liquid in this cylinder
is more acidic
than the blue liquid in the other cylinder.
The indicator that is in the middle set
is called Phenolphthalein,
and in this case,
the color changed from pink to what?
- Audience: Clear!
- This is a clear and colored liquid.
This is a clear and colored liquid.
This is clear and...?
- Colorless. - Colorless.
From now on, no one is going to confuse
the words clear and colorless, right?
We learn and we use what we learn.
And then,
the last set of cylinders that I have
had in them
a mixture of the indicators.
They're called acid-based indicators.
The color change indicates to us
that a chemical reaction has taken place,
and you can see the pH is going down.
In other words,
carbon dioxide is making the liquids more acidic.
And we have to be careful about something called
ocean acidification
because carbon dioxide,
which is a greenhouse gas is affecting our planet.
It's affecting our planet in not such a good way either.
You know, greenhouse gases are good for us.
If it weren't for greenhouse gases,
the temperature on the surface of the planet
would be as it is on Mars.
Greenhouse gases are good for us,
but too much of anything is not good.
And the main culprit is carbon dioxide gas
that comes from the emission of burning fossil fuels.
So that's something we have to be aware of.
Have to enjoy the chemical transformation,
but we also have to be careful
in how much we rely on fossil fuels
for energy.
You notice that on the very top here,
we have something coming out.
It looks like smoke. It's not smoke.
It's actually a mist.
But I'm going to do an experiment
with the hot boiling liquid
that I have here.
The one that I have here is water.
I'm going to use my gloves now to protect my hands from heat.
And I have some dry ice here,
but actually, I'm missing,
whoops, I'm missing...
I'm missing a dishpan.
Let's see if I can find it.
Can someone please bring me the dishpan?
Would someone please bring me--
[audience cheering] Hello, Bucky.
Great to see you, Bucky, and welcome to my lab!
Thank you, this is what I really wanted.
So, Bucky, would you like to help me with this experiment?
[Bucky claps] [audience cheers and applauds]
You notice that Bucky is a good science student.
He's wearing his eye protection!
I want everyone to see that.
And so, Bucky, here's what I'm going to do.
I'm going to take the boiling water,
I'm going to put it
in this dishpan that you brought me.
And what we see coming off the top here,
what does it look like? - Audience: Steam.
- Steam is invisible. You can't see steam.
We see a mist.
That's what we're seeing: the mist of water vapor.
And then, Bucky, here's the experiment.
You take this bucket right here
and you pour all the dry ice that's in there
into the boiling water.
Go ahead, Bucky. [audience cheering]
Do it, all the way, all the way!
[audience gasps] - Whoa!
[applause]
- That was very, very nice, Bucky.
Does that look like steam? No.
It is... It looks like fog.
It looks like fog and that's what it is.
We just made a lot of fog here.
You notice that the fog is moving downward now
because carbon dioxide gas is denser than air.
The condensation is on the carbon dioxide gas
that's coming from the sublimation reaction.
Bucky, I know you are
a very studious student at UW-Madison.
I know you are.
And are you going to--
[cheers and applause]
How long is going to take you to graduate, Bucky?
Let me see that.
Up there, I see.
Wait, it's going to take you four years to graduate.
Wait, you have four. I have five.
I guess we are different, yeah. [laughter]
But I'm glad you want to graduate in four years
and I know you're very busy now with the final exams coming up
and you want to go study, you want to go review, so.
So, Bucky, thank you so much for stopping by here.
Thank you, very, very, very much for being here.
[audience cheering and applauding wildly]
- Man in audience: Hey, Bucky!
For my next experiment,
I'm going to use something that everyone in the audience
is very familiar with.
I'm going to use...
a baby bottle
and a can of soda, seltzer.
This baby bottle has been slightly modified.
I have replaced the nipple that has the hole in it
where the milk comes out.
I've replaced that with a rubber bulb
from a medicine dropper, and I'm going to try
to show you how strong this piece of rubber is
by attempting to blow air through it.
See if I can inflate it, okay?
Here we go.
[faint squeaking] [audience laughs]
Cannot do it.
It's a very, very strong piece of rubber.
So now, listen to this very familiar sound
as I open the can,
[can hissing]
and then pour what's in the can into the baby bottle.
What do you see?
- Bubbles. - Fizzing, you see bubbles.
Those are carbon dioxide bubbles.
They're coming out of the liquid
because the pressure has been reduced.
So, I fill the baby bottle with this liquid,
I put the screw cap on, I tighten it.
What should I do next?
- Audience: Shake it!
- You've done this experiment before, right? [audience laughs]
So, let's see... Shake it.
- Audience: Whoa...
- Now you see how strong the pressure is
that's able to inflate this strong piece of rubber
that neither I nor any other human being can inflate
with all the powers of our lungs.
You know about the carbonation
that is in carbonated beverages
because when you take a sip or two,
what do you do?
- You burp. - You burp, yes.
When you burp, would you please do it
gently and politely?
[audience laughs]
The carbon dioxide gas comes out of the liquid.
You know why we like carbonated beverages?
Well, some have sweeteners in them,
some have a little bit of alcohol in them, too.
[audience laughs]
We like them because when we put the liquid in our mouth,
the tiny gas bubbles come out of the liquid
and tingle us under the tongue and in the mouth
and give us a pleasant sensation.
And that pleasant sensation is not there
when a drink is flat!
The sweeteners are still there, the alcohol is still there,
but the carbon dioxide is gone.
So, this is more about carbon dioxide gas
and I'm going to now release the pressure.
[crackling sound]
All right.
I made a mess here, but that's all right, right?
It's a lab, after all, right?
But we're careful, and this is a non-sugary liquid,
so I don't have to rinse my hands right away.
So, carbon dioxide gas, again,
is a greenhouse gas.
It has lots of good uses.
It has lots of good applications.
But we still have to be careful about using too much
carbon dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels.
We have to be really, really be very careful.
Global warming is unequivocal.
We have to reduce our use of carbon dioxide emission
from fossil fuels.
In fact, the effect of global warming is so great
that even in the Arctic the snow is melting.
All right, so now what I would like to do
is an experiment that uses a clear and colorless liquid,
and what does this look like?
- Glass.
- And I'm going to put this liquid
in this pilsner,
like so.
And then, I'm going to take a chunk of dry ice
and I need to put my gloves on first, right?
Because dry ice is at minus 78 degrees Celsius.
And I take this chunk of dry ice
and put it in this liquid.
And you can see that
the liquid is getting cloudy.
That's because the liquid has in it a lime solution.
It has in it calcium hydroxide solution,
and calcium hydroxide reacts with the carbon dioxide
that's coming from the sublimation of the dry ice
and forms an insoluble substance,
but if I put another chunk of dry ice in there,
maybe even still a third chunk of dry ice,
we can watch and see
what happens in these transformations.
[solution bubbling]
Can you hear the bubbling?
- Audience: Yeah.
- Has anyone in the audience
been to Cave of the Mounds or any other cave
where you see stalagmites and stalactites?
It's the very same reaction that's going on right here,
except that it's happening in those caves
at a much, much slower rate.
And the bubbling
is because of the carbon dioxide
coming out of the sublimation.
Carbon dioxide gas is a very important gas
for us to pay attention to because it comes also
when we burn fossil fuels.
The complete combustion of fossil fuels
produces more carbon dioxide than ever,
and right now, the biggest challenge of our time
is global warming.
Global warming is unequivocal.
We each have to make considerable effort
to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.
You notice now, back to the bubbling over here,
you notice that the solution is no longer cloudy.
In fact, it has become clear,
and that's because more carbon dioxide
has interacted with the insoluble calcium carbonate,
to give us a soluble form
called sodium bicarbonate,
but carbon dioxide is something
that we really, really must be paying very much attention to
because global warming
is greatly affected
by greenhouse gases.
[instrumental synthesizer music]
At this time, I would like you to join me
in welcoming my good friend
Professor Michael Leckrone.
[cheers and applause]
Hello, Mike.
- Mike Leckrone: Hi.
- Shakhashiri: Welcome.
- Thank you for having me here.
- Professor Michael Leckrone.
Celebrating his 50th year as a faculty member
at the University of Wisconsin- Madison.
- Thank you so much. [applause]
Thank you, thank you! Thank you, Bassam.
- Very, very happy to see you, Mike, thank you.
I have a special gift for you
to commemorate your visit
and it's right there.
- Oh. [cheers and applause]
- You see that? That's terrific.
It's beautiful. - And it's made in my lab.
It's made of brass.
You have brass instruments in the band--
- Most of the instruments in the band
are made of brass, right. - And they make beautiful sound.
- They do, most of the time. [audience laughs]
- This is for you to keep. - Oh, thank you so much.
What a nice gift.
I really appreciate it that.
Thank you.
- And in my lab, we work a lot with different chemicals
and different metals
and sometimes we mix different liquids together
and sometimes we get a metal.
In fact, I would like to do an experiment with you
if you're okay with that.
- I suppose I should put on some goggles.
- Yes, you should put on your goggles, yes.
We always obey the safety rules in my lab.
Thank you, Mike, for remembering that.
So, what we have here...
[audience laughs]
He still looks the same, right?
Give Mike a big hand.
- Oh, well, thanks. [cheers and applause]
So, Mike, if you put the gloves on,
I will also put this pair of gloves on
because we have these round bottom flasks
and we are going to empty the hot water that's in them
into this bucket right here, okay?
So if you pick one up, use both hands, okay?
And then, just empty the water just like that.
Glug, glug, glug, yeah.
All that way, all the way.
Yeah, yeah, you got it.
And put it back on the cork,
and I will get this out of the way.
And then, we're going to mix different chemicals in there.
You have a small flask as I do here, right?
- Yes.
- And you have a big beaker, as I do also.
- I do that.
- All right, we take the big beaker first.
- Okay. - All right?
We put that in there.
A clear and colorless liquid, all the way.
And then, what's in the small flask?
Also a clear and colorless-- but different-- liquid.
We put that in.
And then, we reach for the rubber stopper.
We put the rubber stopper on tight
and we start mixing.
You know, for a chemical reaction to take place
we have to mix the chemicals.
So...
We're getting a dark color.
Are you getting a dark color?
- Yes, it is, it's dark.
Darker, and I can see myself in it now.
- I can see myself here, too.
So, this is what we're doing here, Mike.
We mixed liquids together
and we're depositing a nice thin film of silver
on the inside of each of these two flasks.
- Michael Leckrone: We have a new Christmas tree ornament.
[audience laughs] - Shakhashiri: It is the season!
[cheers and applause]
Yours looks shinier than mine.
You did a much better job mixing the two liquids together.
And so, here's what I would like to show you.
- Audience: Oooh!
This was prepared earlier
and, of course, Mike,
look what it has on it.
[cheers and applause]
- Mike Leckrone: I like that. I like that a lot.
[cheers and applause]
- Well, you know what?
We're going to specially treat this on the inside
and give it to you as a gift.
You can hang it in your office.
- Oh, how nice, thank you. - Whenever you like.
So, Mike, I have another special gift for you.
It's this plastic tube.
It's sealed.
Could you just bend it a little bit?
Bend it some more. [snap]
- Whoops. - Yeah, yeah, shake, shake.
Now shake it. Ooooh! [laughter]
That matches your jacket here, yeah, yeah?
- You know, I can probably conduct a band with this.
[audience laughs] - Shakhashiri: All right.
- Leckrone: Come out here. Come out here, band.
[cheers and applause]
Let's try and see if the audience
can sing along with this one.
Here we go, one, two, ready and...
["If You Want to Be a Badger"]
[drumroll]
- Band: Ah... How do you like me now?
*
[audience applauding]
- Shakhashiri: Thank you very much, Mike.
Thank you very much.
- Leckrone: I thank you so much. - Congratulations on 50 years
of wonderful community leadership.
Thank you, Mike Leckrone and the UW Band!
- My great pleasure.
My great pleasure. - Thank you very much.
- Thank you.
[cheers and applause]
The next experiment I'm going to do
is one using
these plastic bottles that I have here.
I have one that I want to show you
that has nails stuck on the inside.
Actually, they're screws, they're not nails.
And this cutaway shows that the screws are separated
by a distance of about half a centimeter.
So they're not touching.
And the other two have the same thing inside,
but I want to show you that I'm using a device
[electric buzz] that generates a spark.
It's called a Tesla coil.
And here's the spark. [electric buzz]
You can hear it, but you can't see it.
I'm going to try to show it to you by touching one of the nails
and, with the lights down, let's see if we can see it.
[electric buzz]
Okay, hang on.
[electric buzz]
There, can you see the spark jumping across the gap?
With the lights up a little bit.
[electric buzz]
Now you can see it, right?
[electric buzz] Now you can see it from the tip of the Tesla coil.
All right, so, what I'm going to do now
is touch one of those screws
and see if I can make that spark jump across the gap
that separates them, and we'll see what happens.
You ready for this? Here we go. [buzz]
[boom] [startled gasps from audience]
[nervous laughter]
That caught your attention, right?
[applause]
Here's another one.
[electric buzz]
[loud boom] [surprised exclaims]
[laughter and applause]
- Audience: Whoa!
- You ready? - Yeah.
- I'm ready.
[electric buzz] [boom]
[shrieks of surprise] - Audience: Whoo!
[applause]
[audience murmurs excitedly]
[audience laughs] - Audience: Whoa!
[electric buzz]
- Here we go.
[boom]
[startled exclamations from audience]
You have been a great audience and I want to thank you
for coming here to share in the joy of science,
the joy of the arts,
and to be enjoying whatever else you do
when you do experiments.
Thank you very much for coming to this special celebration.
I want to invite all my coworkers to come out.
C'mon!
[UW-Madison Marching Band plays "On, Wisconsin!"]
[clapping to the song]
[audience cheering] [applause]