>>> WELCOME TO "NOON WEDNESDAY,"
I'M MARISA WOJCIK, MULTIMEDIA
JOURNALIST WITH "HERE & NOW" ON
PBS WISCONSIN.
TODAY'S DECEMBER 1st.
SINCE THE DISCOVERY OF COVID-19
AND WHITE-TAILED DEER, IT'S
RAISED A LOT OF QUESTIONS AND
HAS THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY ON
ALERT.
TONY GOLDBERG IS A PROFESSOR OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY WITH THE UW SCHOOL
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND JOINS
US NOW TO EXPLAIN MORE, AND,
PROFESSOR GOLDBERG, THANK YOU SO
MUCH FOR JOINING US.
>> YOU'RE WELCOME.
GREAT TO BE HERE.
>> SO YOU CHARACTERIZED THIS NEW
EMERGENCE AS A GAME CHANGER.
WHY?
>> THIS FINDING OF SARS-COV-2 IN
DEER IS POTENTIALLY A GAME
CHANGER BECAUSE UP TO THAT
POINT, WE REALLY DIDN'T THINK
THAT THE VIRUS WAS GOING TO TAKE
OFF IN OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES.
WE KNEW IT COULD INFECT THEM.
YOU MAY REMEMBER STORIES OF
TIGERS, LIONS, AND GREAT APE IN
ZOOS GETTING SICK, BUT THAT
SEEMED TO BE SORT OF A DEAD END.
THE GAME CHANGER PART OF THIS IS
THAT IF A VIRUS GETS INTO A
WILDLIFE SPECIES AND SPREADS AND
PERPETUATES, AND, IMPORTANTLY,
IF IT CAN GET BACK INTO HUMANS,
WHICH WE DON'T KNOW IN THIS
CASE, THEN IT IS VERY HARD TO
CONTROL.
WE HAVE OTHER EXAMPLES OF THIS
LIKE WEST NILE VIRUS, FOR
EXAMPLE, WHICH IS STILL
CIRCULATING IN BIRDS AND
MOSQUITOES THROUGHOUT THE UNITED
STATES AND NORTH AMERICA
ACTUALLY, BECAUSE WE'RE NOT
GOING TO GET RID OF IT, YOU
CAN'T CATCH ALL THE BIRDS AND
BATS AND VACCINATE THEM OR KILL
OFF ALL THE MOSQUITOES SO IF IT
TURNS OUT DEER ARE A RESERVOIR
FOR SARS-COV-2, MEANING THEY
CATCH AND TRANSMIT TO PEOPLE,
THAT MAKES THIS VIRUS EVEN MORE
DIFFICULT THAN IT ALREADY IS.
>> HELP US UNDERSTAND JUST HOW
PREVALENT IT IS IN THE DEER
POPULATION.
IS IT A HIGHER RATE THAN HUMANS
ARE INFECTED?
>> IT IS A HIGHER RATE THAN
HUMANS ARE INFECTED BASED ON
LIMITED STUDIES WE'VE DONE SO
FAR.
THE STUDY THAT GOT ALL THE
RECENT PRESS WAS ONE DONE IN
IOWA IN WHICH THEY STUDIED
CAPTIVE AND WILD DEER, AND ALL
TOGETHER, ABOUT A THIRD OF DEER
WERE POSITIVE FOR THE VIRUS, AND
THAT'S PRETTY HIGH BECAUSE YOU
CAN IMAGINE IF YOU WERE TO JUST
WALK DOWN THE STREET AND
RANDOMLY TEST PEOPLE IN A
HEALTHY POPULATION, YOU WOULDN'T
EXPECT THAT.
YOU'D EXPECT MAYBE, YOU KNOW,
BETWEEN 1% TO 5% OF PEOPLE ON
ANY GIVEN DAY SO IT WAS
SURPRISING, AND THE
INTERPRETATION THERE IS THAT,
YOU KNOW, THE DEER ARE CLEARLY
SPREADING IT TO EACH OTHER VERY
QUICKLY.
>> DO WE KNOW HOW COVID-19 COULD
HAVE GOTTEN FROM HUMANS INTO
WILD DEER, AND DO WE KNOW HOW
LONG IT'S ALREADY BEEN
CIRCULATING?
>> THOSE ARE VERY GOOD
QUESTIONS.
WE DON'T KNOW HOW SARS-COV-2 GOT
FROM PEOPLE INTO DEER, BUT WE
HAVE IDEAS.
THIS IS NOT UNPRECEDENTED.
THAT'S THE WORD OF THE DAY WITH
THE PANDEMIC, "UNPRECEDENTED."
THIS ACTUALLY ISN'T.
THERE'S BEEN A LONG HISTORY OF
HUMANS GIVING DISEASES TO
ANIMALS, INCLUDING RESPIRATORY
VIRUSES.
MY WORK FOCUSES ON CHIMPANZEES
IN AFRICA, AND THEY OFTEN
EXPERIENCE EPIDEMICS OF SEVERE
RESPIRATORY DISEASES THAT IN
ALMOST ALL CASES ARE TRACED BACK
TO HUMANS.
WE THINK THIS HAPPENS WHEN
PEOPLE GO INTO THE FOREST AND
DEPOSIT VIRUS ON OBJECTS IN THE
FOREST SO IT IS PROBABLY NOT
THAT WE'RE STANDING CLOSE TO A
DEER HAVING A CONVERSATION AND
SNEEZING ON EACH OTHER.
IT IS MORE LIKELY THAT, YOU
KNOW, MAYBE SOMEBODY IS SPITTING
OR RUBBING THEIR FACE AND
TOUCHING A BRANCH, AND A DEER
COMES BY A LITTLE BIT LATER AND
GETS INFECTED THAT WAY, SO THE
INFECTIONS FROM HUMANS TO DEER
ARE PRETTY LOW FREQUENCY AND
UNLIKELY, BUT THERE'S ENOUGH
DEER AND ENOUGH PEOPLE THAT
THEY'LL HAPPEN.
IN TERMS OF HOW LONG IT'S BEEN
IN DEER, WE HAVE A PRETTY GOOD
IDEA OF THAT BECAUSE THE EARLY
STUDIES OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES IN
DEER WERE ABLE TO SHOW THAT DEER
WERE NEGATIVE FOR THE VIRUS
BEFORE 2020, BUT BECAME POSITIVE
IN 2020 SO WE THINK THAT THE
INFECTION OF DEER HAPPENED
PRETTY MUCH AT THE SAME TIME AS
WE SAW CORONAVIRUS SPREAD INTO
PEOPLE, IN OTHER WORDS, EARLY TO
MID-2020.
>> WISCONSIN JUST WRAPPED UP ITS
TEN-DAY GUN DEER HUNTING SEASON,
AND THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
SERVICES DID RECOMMEND MEASURES
TO PREVENT POSSIBLE COVID
EXPOSURE FROM HARVESTING A DEAD
DEER.
WAS THAT A REAL RISK, AND DO WE
EVEN KNOW FOR SURE IF A DEER,
DEAD OR ALIVE, CAN TRANSMIT THE
VIRUS BACK TO HUMANS?
>> WE DO NOT KNOW WHETHER A
DEER, DEAD OR ALIVE, CAN
TRANSMIT THE VIRUS BACK TO
HUMANS.
CLEARLY, THAT'S A HUGELY
IMPORTANT QUESTION, AND WE ARE
RACING, WE AS A SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNITY, ARE RACING TO
UNDERSTAND IF THAT CAN HAPPEN.
THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
SERVICES' RECOMMENDATIONS ARE
BASED ON THE PRECAUTIONARY
PRINCIPLE.
WE DON'T KNOW THAT IT CAN
HAPPEN, BUT WE DON'T KNOW IT
CAN'T HAPPEN SO IN THAT STATE OF
NOT KNOWING, THE BEST THING TO
DO IS ISSUE GUIDELINES THAT ARE
REASONABLE AND WOULD PREVENT
TRANSMISSION OR LOWER RISK, IF
IT WERE POSSIBLE.
I HOPE IT'S NOT POSSIBLE.
I HOPE THIS IS A DEER VIRUS NOW,
BUT WE REALLY DON'T KNOW THAT,
AND UNTIL WE DO KNOW THAT, IT
WOULD PAY TO BE REALLY CAREFUL.
>> AND SO HOW DO VARIANTS FACTOR
IN TO THIS?
ARE THE DEER CARRYING ANY
VARIANTS THAT ARE CIRCULATING IN
HUMANS, OR ARE THEY CARRYING
SOMETHING THAT'S SPECIFIC TO THE
DEER HERD AND MUTATIONS THAT
HAVE DEVELOPED IN DEER?
>> SO RIGHT NOW, THE DEER ARE
CARRYING ONLY VARIANTS THAT HAVE
BEEN FOUND IN PEOPLE, AS FAR AS
WE KNOW, FOR THE VARIANTS
SEQUENCED, SO THE REMARKABLE
THING IS THAT THE SCIENTISTS WHO
DID THIS WORK SEQUENCED THE
ENTIRE GENOME OF THE SARS-COV-2
VARIANTS THAT THEY FOUND IN THE
DEER, AND EACH ONE OF THOSE
VARIANTS WAS IDENTICAL TO A
VARIANT CIRCULATING LOCALLY IN
IOWA AT THE TIME WITH BASICALLY
NO CHANGES, AND THE AMAZING
THING IS THAT DEER HAD, I THINK,
IT WAS 12 HUMAN VARIANTS IN
THEM, WHICH MEANS IT WAS NOT
JUST ONE UNLUCKY EVENT WHERE ONE
SICK PERSON SNEEZED ON A DEER
SOMEWHERE, BUT IT LOOKS LIKE IT
IS HAPPENING MULTIPLE TIMES, SO
RIGHT NOW, ALL WE'VE FOUND IN
DEER ARE VARIANTS OF WE KNOW
CIRCULATION IN PEOPLE.
THAT BEING SAID, ONE OF THE BIG
FEARS IS THAT WHAT WENT INTO
DEER MIGHT NOT BE THE SAME AS
WHAT COMES OUT OF DEER OR WHAT
SUSTAINS ITSELF IN DEER BECAUSE,
YOU KNOW, AS WE ALL KNOW NOW
FROM -- NOW IT'S THE OMICRON
VARIANT, BUT THIS CONSTANT
CHANGING OF THE GUARD WITH
SARS-COV-2 VARIANTS, THAT THIS
VIRUS IS VERY PRONE TO EVOLVE,
TO CHANGE, TO CHANGE ITS
GENETIC, AND TO CHANGE ITS
DISEASE-CAUSING ABILITIES, AND
THAT'S BECAUSE IT IS TRYING TO
MAKE A LIVING, AND IT IS TRYING
TO EVADE IMMUNITY AND DO ALL THE
NASTY THING VIRUSES DO.
WHEN A VIRUS LIKE THIS FINDS
ITSELF IN A NEW ENVIRONMENT,
DEER, THE FEAR IS IT IS GOING TO
EVOLVE IN A NEW DIRECTION, AND
IF IT CAN BE TRANSMITTED OUT OF
DEER, THEN THE WORST CASE
SCENARIO IS THAT DEER ARE
SPEWING OUT VARIANTS OF THE
VIRUS THAT WE HAVE NOT SEEN IN
HUMANS, BUT THAT COULD POSE A
PROBLEM FOR HUMANS.
>> SO AS YOU ALREADY MENTIONED,
WILD DEER HAVING COVID-19 ARE
BEING CALLED "A RESERVOIR" FOR
THE VIRUS.
AS I UNDERSTAND IT, DEER ARE NOT
GETTING SICK FROM COVID-19, BUT,
AS YOU SAID, MORE VARIANTS COULD
DEVELOP AND THEN POSSIBLY
TRANSFER BACK TO HUMANS?
HAVE WE SEEN THAT HAPPEN BEFORE?
DO WE KNOW WHAT THAT COULD LOOK
LIKE?
>> YEAH.
GOOD QUESTION.
REAL QUICK.
WE DON'T YET CALL DEER "A
RESERVOIR" BECAUSE FOR THEM TO
BE A RESERVOIR, IT WOULD HAVE TO
BE THE CASE THEY TRANSMIT BACK
TO HUMANS.
ALL WE KNOW NOW IS THAT THE
VIRUS IS IN DEER AND CIRCULATING
IN DEER.
WE'RE KIND OF ONE STEP AWAY FROM
A RESERVOIR, BUT, YES, THIS IDEA
OF VIRUSES OR OTHER PATHOGENS
EVOLVING NEW VARIANTS IN ANIMALS
IS NOT NEW.
THIS HAPPENED WITH WEST NILE
VIRUS, WHICH I MENTIONED BEFORE.
THE STRAIN THAT CAME TO THE
UNITED STATES IN 1999 QUICKLY
EVOLVED INTO SOMETHING DIFFERENT
THAT ADAPTED TO NORTH AMERICAN
MOSQUITOES AND BIRDS AND SAW
SIMILAR THINGS WITH OTHER
VECTOR-BORN DISEASES LIKE YELLOW
FEVER, AND, YOU KNOW, A LITTLE
DIFFERENT, BUT EBOLA VIRUS, FOR
EXAMPLE, WE DON'T KNOW WHERE IT
COMES FROM IN NATURE, BUT THERE
SEEMS TO BE A PLETHORA OF
STRAINS OF THE VIRUS THAT EMERGE
INTO PEOPLE EVERY NOW AND THEN
THAT ARE QUITE DIFFERENT FROM
EACH OTHER, AND SO IT SEEMS LIKE
IT IS THE RULE RATHER THAN THE
EXCEPTION THAT WHEN WE HAVE
VIRUSES IN WILDLIFE, THEY ARE
GOING TO EVOLVE AND SURPRISE US.
>> SO THERE IS A LIKELIHOOD THAT
COVID-19 COULD BE PASSED BACK
FROM DEER, BUT IT IS A LOW
LIKELIHOOD AT THIS POINT.
WILL THIS SURVEILLANCE THAT
WE'RE DOING OF DEER NOW ALLOW US
TO BE ABLE TO TRACK WHATEVER
MUTATIONS MAY DEVELOP IN DEER
THAT WE DON'T ALREADY SEE IN
HUMANS AND THEN GET AN
UNDERSTANDING OF IF IT IS GOING
BACK TO HUMANS?
HOW WILL WE KNOW IF IT'S GOING
FROM DEER TO HUMANS?
>> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
IT IS GOING TO BE TOUGH.
IF SARS-COV-2 CAN BE TRANSMITTED
DEER TO HUMANS AND IF A DEER
WERE TO GIVE A PERSON A NORMAL
HUMAN STRAIN OF THE VIRUS, WE
COULDN'T TELL.
IT WOULD LOOK JUST LIKE THE
PERSON WAS INFECTED BY ANOTHER
PERSON.
SO SORT OF KILLER EVIDENCE WOULD
BE IF THERE'S UNIQUE DEER STRAIN
THAT EVOLVED, AND WE MONITORED
DEER AND FOUND IT IN DEER AND
SUDDENLY WE START TO FIND IT IN
PEOPLE.
THAT WOULD BE -- LET'S HOPE THAT
DOESN'T HAPPEN, BUT THAT WOULD
BE A WHOLE NEW LEVEL OF ALARM
BELLS.
>> SO WHEN VARIANTS WERE
DETECTED IN MINK FARM LAST YEAR,
THERE WAS A HUGE CONCERN,
MILLIONS OF MINK KILLED TO
PREVENT FURTHER OUTBREAKS, AND
THEY WERE IN FARMS, NOT WILD.
HOW DO DEER COMPARE?
THEY ARE VERY -- IT SEEMS --
VERY SIMILAR, BUT ALSO VERY
DIFFERENT.
>> YEAH, THEY ARE SIMILAR AND
DIFFERENT.
THEY ARE SIMILAR IN THAT THEY
ARE A NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE
SPECIES THAT JUST BY BAD LUCK
GOT INFECTED BY THIS VIRUS.
THEY ARE DIFFERENT IN THAT DEER
DON'T APPEAR TO GET VERY SICK.
MINK GET SICK.
IF YOU SHAMING WITH SARS-COV-2,
IT WOULD BE A VERY UNHAPPY MINK.
YOU ARE RIGHT THAT MINK GOT THE
VIRUS AND SPREAD QUICKLY BECAUSE
THEY ARE IN HIGH DENSITIES IN
MINK FARMS SO THAT'S WHY THE
MINKS WERE DESTROYED BECAUSE IT
WAS CLEAR THAT THEY WERE
TRANSMITTING THE VIRUS AND THERE
WAS A REAL RISK OF TRANSMISSION
BACK TO PEOPLE.
WE DON'T KNOW THAT YET FOR DEER.
WE THINK DEER DON'T GET VERY
SICK.
AT LEAST THAT'S WHAT
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE TELLS US,
BUT WE'LL SEE WHAT HAPPENS IN
THE WILD.
>> SO DOES THAT MEAN THE MINK
BEING DESTROYED, THAT SOLVED
THAT PROBLEM, AND ANY
TRANSMISSION OR POSSIBLE
TRANSMISSION OF VARIANTS BACK TO
HUMANS IS NO LONGER A CONCERN?
>> I THINK THAT'S RIGHT.
THE, YOU KNOW, IT IS A DRASTIC
MEASURE THAT WE IN THE
VETERINARY MEDICAL COMMUNITY,
YOU KNOW, TAKE VERY SERIOUSLY
AND, YOU KNOW, IT IS A LAST
DITCH THING, BUT WE CAN
DEPOPULATE HERDS OR, YOU KNOW,
DESTROY ENTIRE POPULATIONS OF
FARM ANIMALS IF THE PUBLIC
HEALTH RISK IS HIGH ENOUGH, AND
SO WITHOUT THE MINK, THE
PROBABILITY OF, YOU KNOW, MINK
TRANSMITTING TO PEOPLE IS NOT
THERE, SO, YES, WE DID, AND
THERE ARE MINK VACCINES UNDER
DEVELOPMENT, I UNDERSTAND, AND
SO, YOU KNOW, MAYBE WE'LL BE
ABLE TO SAFELY FARMING AGAIN.
THAT BEING SAID, YOU KNOW, WE
CAN'T AND WOULD NOT WANT TO, YOU
KNOW, TAKE A SIMILAR APPROACH TO
OUR WILD DEER HERD BECAUSE DEER
IN WISCONSIN AND THROUGHOUT THE
UNITED STATES ARE PRETTY
IMPORTANT TO OUR CULTURE AND OUR
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS SO OUR TOOL
KIT IS VERY LIMITED.
>> SO WHAT'S IN THE TOOL KIT?
HOW IS IT MANAGEABLE?
IT'S NOT LIKE YOU SAID WE CAN
MASS VACCINATE DEER OR
EXTERMINATE THEM.
WHAT CAN WE DO?
>> THERE'S ACTUALLY A LOT WE CAN
DO, AND I WOULD ENCOURAGE PEOPLE
NOT TO GIVE UP, NOT TO THROW UP
THEIR HANDS AND SAY, WELL, IT'S
IN DEER, THERE'S NOTHING WE CAN
DO.
THAT'S REALLY NOT THE CASE.
THE KEY IS CAREFUL
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT.
SO, OKAY, IT'S IN DEER, WHERE IS
IT IN DEER?
HOW CAN WE PREVENT THIS FROM
SPREADING TO NEW AREAS?
HOW CAN WE MANAGE THE DEER HERD
IN AN INTELLIGENT WAY TO LIMIT
TRANSMISSION BETWEEN DEER
PERHAPS TO, YOU KNOW, TO -- IF
THERE ARE VARIANTS THAT EMERGE
TO KEEP THEM IN PLACE.
THIS WOULD REQUIRE SOME CREATIVE
NEW RULES ABOUT HARVESTING DEER,
THAT MAY OR MAY NOT FLY WITH THE
PUBLIC.
I THINK THAT MANY OF US REMEMBER
AND STILL DEALING WITH IT,
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE.
THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES HAD A PROGRAM
FOR A WHILE CALLED "BURN A BUCK"
WHERE IN ORDER TO SHOOT A BUCK,
YOU HAVE TO SHOOT AN ANTLERLESS
DEER IN AREAS OF THE STATE, AND
THAT PROGRAM WAS IN PLACE
BECAUSE WE WANTED TO REDUCE
DENSITY OF THE DEER HERD IN
AREAS THAT WE KNEW CHRONIC
WASTING DISEASE WAS A PROBLEM.
WELL, WE REMEMBERED THAT
PROGRAM.
PEOPLE DIDN'T LIKE IT, WHICH IS
UNDERSTANDABLE, YOU KNOW,
BECAUSE HERE COMES THAT, YOU
KNOW, EIGHT-POINT BUCK RIGHT IN
FRONT OF YOUR DEER STAND, AND
YOU CAN'T SHOOT IT BECAUSE YOU
HAVE NOT SHOT AN ANTLERLESS DEER
YET, AND SO IF WE DECIDE THAT WE
WANT TO CONTROL THIS VIRUS IN
DEER OR THAT WE NEED TO, WE WILL
PROBABLY HAVE TO THINK OF SOME
CREATIVE WAYS OF THINNING THE
HERD IN CERTAIN STRATEGIC AREAS
TO DO THAT, AND IT IS LIKELY TO
CAUSE SOME CONFLICT BETWEEN
PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE DEER
HUNTING COMMUNITY, BUT I THINK
IF WE, YOU KNOW, IF PEOPLE
UNDERSTAND THE RISK THAT THIS
MIGHT POSE, WE DON'T KNOW YET,
BUT THE RISK IT MIGHT POSE, I
THINK WE CAN FIND COMMONGROUND.
>> SHOULD POLICYMAKERS WILL TAKG
ACTION, AND SHOULD THE PUBLIC BE
PANICKED AT THIS POINT?
>> NO AND NO.
RIGHT NOW, OUR BEST STRATEGY IS
TO WAIT BECAUSE WE DON'T KNOW
THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION TO
HUMANS YET.
WE DON'T KNOW THE DISTRIBUTION
OF THE VIRUS OUTSIDE OF THE
STUDY DONE IN IOWA.
SO RIGHT NOW, WE'D BE JUMPING
THE GUN.
I THINK THE BEST WE CAN DO IS
ADOPT PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE.
LET'S NOT PANIC, BUT LET'S JUST
ASSUME, BECAUSE OF THE SAFE AND
REASONABLE THING TO DO, THAT
DEER POSE SOME SORT OF RISK, AND
SO LET'S BE CAREFUL WHEN WE ARE
NEAR THEM, WHEN WE PROCESS THEM,
WHEN WE HUNT THEM, WHEN THEY ARE
IN CAPTIVE SETTINGS LIKE FARMS
AND ZOOS, LET'S EXERCISE
ADDITIONAL CAUTION UNTIL WE GET
MORE INFORMATION.
>> WHAT WILL YOU BE MONITORING
CLOSEST GOING FORWARD?
>> I AM VERY CURIOUS ABOUT TWO
THINGS.
I WANT TO KNOW WHERE IN THE
UNITED STATES THE VIRUS HAS
ALREADY SPREAD.
IS IT THE UPPER MIDWEST?
IS IT THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES?
ALL OF NORTH AMERICA?
ARE THERE POCKETS OF VIRUS OR
NOT?
THE OTHER THING THAT I'M VERY
CURIOUS ABOUT IS MIGHT THERE BE
OTHER WILDLIFE BESIDES DEER THAT
ARE INFECTED?
THERE'S MANY ANIMALS OUT THERE
THAT LIVE WITH DEER, INCLUDING
MINK AND OTHERS LIKE MINKS, AND
SO COULD THIS VIRUS SPREAD
FURTHER INTO OUR ECOSYSTEM, OR
HAS IT DONE THAT ALREADY, AND IF
SO, ARE WE GOING TO GET VARIANTS
OF THE VIRUS THAT ARE DEER VIRUS
AND MINK VIRUS AND WHO KNOWS
WHAT ELSE?
SO, YOU KNOW, STEPPING BACK FROM
THE CLEAR PUBLIC HEALTH
SIGNIFICANCE OF ALL OF THIS IS
ACTUALLY A PRETTY INTERESTING
REALTIME EXAMPLE OF VIRUS
EVOLUTION.
WHAT HAPPENS ON VIRUS THAT JUMPS
SPECIES AND BEGINS TO ADAPT IN
DIFFERENT WAYS.
I WISH IT WEREN'T HAPPENING,
BELIEVE ME, BUT THE FACT IT IS
HAPPENING DOES GIVE US A LOT OF
INTERESTING NEW INFORMATION
ABOUT HOW VIRUSES BEHAVE.
>> ALL RIGHT.
WE LEAVE IT THERE.
PROFESSOR TONY GOLDBERG OF THE
UW SCHOOL OF VETERINARY
MEDICINE, THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR JOINING US.
>> YOU'RE VERY WELCOME.
>> FOR MORE FROM "HERE & NOW"
AND PBS WISCONSIN, YOU CAN VISIT
PBSWISCONSIN.ORG/NEWS AND THANK
YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US ON
"NOON WEDNESDAY."