[gentle guitar]
- At the turn of the century,
Beloit's growing economy
was fueled by European immigrants looking for work,
but their arrival slowed
with the start of World War I.
NThis created an opportunity
Nfor Beloit's Black community to grow
Nas Black families moved north.
From 1910 into the 1970s,
Nroughly six million Black people left the South
to escape oppression
Nand look for better employment.
This movement would later be called the "Great Migration."
- Cheryl Caldwell: The North, I believe, appealed to Black people
because it gave them more opportunities
to kind of escape the Jim Crow laws
that were still being enforced in the South.
They knew better jobs up North, and better education,
just a better living.
[plucky folk guitar]
In wanting to know more about my family's migration to Beloit,
I started to research when a lot of Blacks came to Beloit.
Very little was mentioned about the African American history.
I came across the name of Tom Polaski.
He is one walking encyclopedia
on the Great Migration and Fairbanks.
- Tom Polaski: The Great Migration
actually involved almost every southern state.
Anywhere where there's a strong industrial base
that offered decent and consistent pay,
you begin to get migration
of Black people coming in from the South.
- With a shortage of European immigrant labor,
Beloit industries needed new workers.
NFairbanks Morse found a solution to their employee shortage
through a Black janitor named John McCord.
- Cheryl Caldwell: John McCord was from Pontotoc, Mississippi.
Migrated north as a young man.
He came in contact
with personnel manager, Eugene Burlingame.
John McCord was going to go home to Pontotoc, Mississippi,
for the summer to visit his parents,
and he was asked by Burlingame,
"Hey, do you know any other good workers?
If so, bring them back."
In September of 1916,
John brought 18 men from Pontotoc, Mississippi,
back with him.
And that was really the beginning of the migration
of Black men and families from Pontotoc.
And so, within a matter of years,
a lot of the residents in Beloit were from Pontotoc.
There were other areas that they recruited,
but most of them came from Pontotoc, Mississippi.
And so, they did call it the "Pontotoc Up North."
- Tom Polaski: Most of the Black migrants that were recruited by Fairbanks
were placed either in the foundry or in the powerhouse.
In fact, John McCord never made mention of the foundry.
He did not want anybody to have
second thoughts about coming north.
What he did emphasize, though,
was the 22 and 1/2 cents per hour.
What they didn't realize is
that Fairbanks could save five to six cents per man-hour.
Fairbanks would not have to pay as much to its Black labor
as its white labor.
But even though the wage is lower,
it's a better wage than what they were earning in the South.
- When Black workers saved up enough money,
they paid for their families to move to Beloit,
causing a large jump in the Black population.
From 1910 to 1920, Beloit's Black population
grew from just 60 to 834 residents.
The influx of new families coming to town
created a housing crisis.
- Wanda Sloan: The Black workers that migrated here
were promised housing and employment.
The housing part didn't work out as well.
The Eclipse area homes were housing for Fairbanks workers.
The neighborhood was built up adjacent to Fairbanks
for people that were working there.
There were about maybe 140 single family homes
built for those employees.
Eventually, they could purchase those homes.
However, it was only for the white employees.
So, when Fairbanks Morse
had to find housing for Black workers,
the debate over integrated housing arose.
There was a lot of objection.
So, the Fairbanks Flats were constructed in about 1917.
The Fairbanks Flats were comprised of
about four blocks of separate units.
Each unit had two bedrooms and one bath.
- Originally called the "Edgewater Flats,"
the buildings were soon nnicknamed the "Fairbanks Flats"
and, later, simply "the Flats."
Modest in design and construction,
the Flats are the only example of housing built specifically
for Black workers in the state of Wisconsin.
The Black families
who had moved North to escape racial oppression
still fought to overcome discrimination
in their new home.
- Cheryl Caldwell: A lot of the white organizations
did not let Blacks join.
So, they created their own organizations.
There, within steps of the Edgewater Flats,
was the Black YMCA that Fairbanks built.
That was a vital place for the Black community.
The Black churches in Beloit were important
because it was important in their upbringing down South.
And when they came North,
they weren't going to be without a church.
It was their support system, their refuge.
It was a place for them to gather, worship.