1 00:00:04,271 --> 00:00:06,173 - Ami Eckard-Lee: When we think of bees, 2 00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:09,176 we think of flowers, stingers, and... 3 00:00:09,243 --> 00:00:10,644 [ding] ...honey. 4 00:00:10,711 --> 00:00:13,347 But not all bees make honey. 5 00:00:13,413 --> 00:00:16,984 There are over 20,000 species of bees worldwide, 6 00:00:17,050 --> 00:00:20,087 but less than 15 of these produce the honey 7 00:00:20,153 --> 00:00:21,688 that we like to eat. 8 00:00:21,755 --> 00:00:23,857 Most of our honey comes from bees 9 00:00:23,924 --> 00:00:27,060 that are managed by human beekeepers 10 00:00:27,127 --> 00:00:29,530 for selling products like these: 11 00:00:29,596 --> 00:00:32,566 honey, pollen, honeycomb, or beeswax. 12 00:00:32,633 --> 00:00:35,836 Wild bees are species that survive on their own 13 00:00:35,903 --> 00:00:37,204 in the natural environment 14 00:00:37,271 --> 00:00:39,640 and are typically native to the area. 15 00:00:39,706 --> 00:00:43,644 And these little ladies are vital for a healthy ecosystem. 16 00:00:43,710 --> 00:00:44,811 But bummer news. 17 00:00:44,878 --> 00:00:47,147 Both domesticated and wild bee populations 18 00:00:47,214 --> 00:00:49,283 have been declining for decades, 19 00:00:49,349 --> 00:00:52,452 primarily due to climate change, habitat loss, 20 00:00:52,519 --> 00:00:55,189 and the widespread use of pesticides. 21 00:00:55,255 --> 00:01:00,060 So, what happens to the environment if we lose bees? 22 00:01:01,795 --> 00:01:03,463 [bright music] 23 00:01:06,333 --> 00:01:08,502 All bees are pollinators, 24 00:01:08,569 --> 00:01:10,704 but not all pollinators are bees. 25 00:01:10,771 --> 00:01:13,607 Pollinators are animals that help move pollen 26 00:01:13,674 --> 00:01:17,110 from one plant to another, allowing plants to reproduce. 27 00:01:17,177 --> 00:01:18,879 Many species are considered pollinators, 28 00:01:18,946 --> 00:01:20,914 like butterflies, regular flies, 29 00:01:20,981 --> 00:01:24,184 beetles, even some bat and bird species. 30 00:01:24,251 --> 00:01:26,987 But bees are the kings of pollination. 31 00:01:27,054 --> 00:01:28,956 Or maybe the queens. 32 00:01:29,489 --> 00:01:32,092 But why is it so important for the environment? 33 00:01:32,159 --> 00:01:34,628 I tried catching a bee to ask her, 34 00:01:34,695 --> 00:01:37,064 but she told me to buzz off. 35 00:01:37,130 --> 00:01:39,600 So, I met with these guys instead. 36 00:01:39,666 --> 00:01:43,036 And they seem to know a thing or two about bees. 37 00:01:43,103 --> 00:01:44,771 Why are pollinators so important 38 00:01:44,838 --> 00:01:45,939 for the environment? 39 00:01:46,006 --> 00:01:48,075 - James Crall: One is for biodiversity. 40 00:01:48,141 --> 00:01:49,610 The other one is more selfish. 41 00:01:49,676 --> 00:01:50,911 And that's for us, 42 00:01:50,978 --> 00:01:53,514 because a lot of the crops that we depend on as humans 43 00:01:53,580 --> 00:01:55,582 depend on that pollination. 44 00:01:55,649 --> 00:01:58,886 One in three bites, roughly, of food that we eat 45 00:01:58,952 --> 00:02:03,657 comes from a plant that depends to some extent on pollination. 46 00:02:03,724 --> 00:02:07,928 Basically, less pollinators means less food for us. 47 00:02:07,995 --> 00:02:10,130 - What are the main threats to pollinators 48 00:02:10,197 --> 00:02:11,932 in our communities right now? 49 00:02:11,999 --> 00:02:14,535 - Claudio Gratton: I think if we had to put 'em into categories, 50 00:02:14,601 --> 00:02:18,505 I would say that the biggest one is habitat loss. 51 00:02:18,572 --> 00:02:21,108 Imagine that every little habitat that they can get food 52 00:02:21,175 --> 00:02:24,011 is isolated from every other one. 53 00:02:24,077 --> 00:02:26,346 As habitats get smaller, 54 00:02:26,413 --> 00:02:29,416 they get further and further from other similar habitats. 55 00:02:29,483 --> 00:02:31,685 So, the likelihood that they can get to other food 56 00:02:31,752 --> 00:02:34,888 that is similar to what they're finding here is really low. 57 00:02:34,955 --> 00:02:36,490 So, that's fragmentation. 58 00:02:36,557 --> 00:02:39,259 There's also diseases and pathogens 59 00:02:39,326 --> 00:02:42,596 that are influencing bee populations in particular. 60 00:02:42,663 --> 00:02:46,433 Related to that is also the use of pesticides. 61 00:02:46,500 --> 00:02:48,936 And then, there's this kind of other thing that's happening 62 00:02:49,002 --> 00:02:50,103 in the background 63 00:02:50,170 --> 00:02:51,305 that we're still trying to understand 64 00:02:51,371 --> 00:02:53,640 is the relationship and the role that climate 65 00:02:53,707 --> 00:02:54,808 is actually playing. 66 00:02:54,875 --> 00:02:56,844 - How does climate impact the pollinators? 67 00:02:56,910 --> 00:03:01,915 - So, we can think of climate as both directly impacting bees 68 00:03:01,982 --> 00:03:03,217 and other insects, right? 69 00:03:03,283 --> 00:03:05,719 So, out on a hot day, it might be more stressful 70 00:03:05,786 --> 00:03:07,554 in the middle of summer for bees. 71 00:03:07,621 --> 00:03:09,489 We would call those direct impacts. 72 00:03:09,556 --> 00:03:10,891 But the other thing that can happen 73 00:03:10,958 --> 00:03:13,493 are these indirect effects through plants, right? 74 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:16,630 One is through sort of shifting timing, 75 00:03:16,697 --> 00:03:18,332 something we call phenology. 76 00:03:18,398 --> 00:03:20,934 Generally, phenology is that sort of timing 77 00:03:21,001 --> 00:03:22,536 of biological events. 78 00:03:22,603 --> 00:03:23,937 So, one of these might be, oh, 79 00:03:24,004 --> 00:03:27,541 when do flowers and bees both emerge in spring? 80 00:03:27,608 --> 00:03:29,510 And one thing that can happen with climate 81 00:03:29,576 --> 00:03:31,879 is you start scrambling those a little bit. 82 00:03:31,945 --> 00:03:34,982 And that can lead to timing mismatches, right? 83 00:03:35,048 --> 00:03:37,651 Maybe the timing of when bees emerge 84 00:03:37,718 --> 00:03:40,854 is different than the timing of when plants come out. 85 00:03:40,921 --> 00:03:42,723 - Ami: These changes in phenology 86 00:03:42,789 --> 00:03:46,827 are what makes biodiversity so important for pollinators. 87 00:03:46,894 --> 00:03:49,496 Biodiversity refers to the variety of species 88 00:03:49,563 --> 00:03:51,298 in a given location. 89 00:03:51,365 --> 00:03:54,968 For example, a cornfield has very little biodiversity 90 00:03:55,035 --> 00:03:57,271 because there's only one species growing. 91 00:03:57,337 --> 00:04:00,340 Whereas a prairie might have dozens of plant species. 92 00:04:00,407 --> 00:04:03,010 All these species have different traits and blooming periods 93 00:04:03,076 --> 00:04:05,879 that make them favorable to certain pollinators. 94 00:04:05,946 --> 00:04:07,748 And by supporting pollinators, 95 00:04:07,814 --> 00:04:09,883 we're directly helping ourselves as well, 96 00:04:09,950 --> 00:04:12,252 because if they can't get the food they need, 97 00:04:12,319 --> 00:04:15,088 we might not get the food we need. 98 00:04:15,155 --> 00:04:17,691 I'm here at an apple orchard to talk with a farmer 99 00:04:17,758 --> 00:04:20,327 whose harvest relies on these pollinators, 100 00:04:20,394 --> 00:04:24,097 just like the pollinators rely on these flowers. 101 00:04:24,164 --> 00:04:25,732 Deirdre is an organic farmer 102 00:04:25,799 --> 00:04:28,635 who decided to designate 30 acres of her land 103 00:04:28,702 --> 00:04:30,037 to restore a native prairie 104 00:04:30,103 --> 00:04:32,005 that would help support the wild pollinators. 105 00:04:32,072 --> 00:04:33,407 And she has a pretty incredible story 106 00:04:33,473 --> 00:04:35,809 about how that decision paid off. 107 00:04:35,876 --> 00:04:39,046 - Deirdre Birmingham: In 2022, we were having 108 00:04:39,112 --> 00:04:43,784 a very long, cool, kind of miserable, damp spring. 109 00:04:45,118 --> 00:04:47,054 I knew that it was delaying bloom, 110 00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:50,891 and then it surged into the 90s. - Oh, wow. 111 00:04:50,958 --> 00:04:53,493 - Deirdre: And so, the blossoms were, like, exploding. 112 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:55,996 They were just opening very quickly. 113 00:04:56,063 --> 00:04:58,098 And I had seen some wild pollinators. 114 00:04:58,165 --> 00:04:59,266 And so, I thought, "Good, 115 00:04:59,333 --> 00:05:01,635 "I know the wild pollinators are here, 116 00:05:01,702 --> 00:05:04,972 "but I haven't seen this neighbor's honey bees 117 00:05:05,038 --> 00:05:06,707 on the landscape yet." 118 00:05:06,773 --> 00:05:07,875 So, I hadn't seen them. 119 00:05:07,941 --> 00:05:09,042 I called him and said, 120 00:05:09,109 --> 00:05:10,711 "Hey, are your honey bees coming soon?" 121 00:05:10,777 --> 00:05:12,112 He said, "Oh, they're on a truck 122 00:05:12,179 --> 00:05:13,480 from Texas." - Oh, wow! 123 00:05:13,547 --> 00:05:15,082 - 'Cause he would ship 'em to work, 124 00:05:15,148 --> 00:05:16,483 you know, work someplace else. - Wow! 125 00:05:16,550 --> 00:05:20,020 - And so, they won't be here in time for my early blossom. 126 00:05:20,087 --> 00:05:21,388 It was about a three, 127 00:05:21,455 --> 00:05:22,856 maybe three-and-a-half day window. 128 00:05:22,923 --> 00:05:26,026 And the wild bees did it, 'cause I got a crop 129 00:05:26,093 --> 00:05:29,363 on those early season varieties thanks to wild pollinators. 130 00:05:29,429 --> 00:05:32,733 - Having this diverse native prairie habitat available 131 00:05:32,799 --> 00:05:34,968 gave these wild pollinators a better chance 132 00:05:35,035 --> 00:05:37,437 at coping with additional stressors 133 00:05:37,504 --> 00:05:39,506 such as a delayed blooming period. 134 00:05:39,573 --> 00:05:42,543 So, what are some ways we can incorporate more diverse 135 00:05:42,609 --> 00:05:45,612 and connected habitats into our own communities? 136 00:05:45,679 --> 00:05:50,284 - Actually, urban and suburban areas can be even better habitat 137 00:05:50,350 --> 00:05:53,654 for wild bees because there's more diversity. 138 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:56,557 People have different plants in their yard. 139 00:05:56,623 --> 00:05:58,992 They have flowers, they might have vegetables. 140 00:05:59,059 --> 00:06:01,929 So, all this diverse stuff that people have there 141 00:06:01,995 --> 00:06:04,431 can be great for pollinators. 142 00:06:04,498 --> 00:06:07,401 - Think about all the areas in your community 143 00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:10,904 that are currently covered in a simple bed of grass. 144 00:06:10,971 --> 00:06:12,306 This might be the grassy area 145 00:06:12,372 --> 00:06:13,841 between the sidewalk and the road, 146 00:06:13,907 --> 00:06:15,809 or the median in the street. 147 00:06:15,876 --> 00:06:19,246 These areas could become habitat for pollinators 148 00:06:19,313 --> 00:06:22,015 if the right species were growing there. 149 00:06:22,082 --> 00:06:23,183 Another great way 150 00:06:23,250 --> 00:06:25,052 to get involved in protecting pollinators 151 00:06:25,118 --> 00:06:28,488 is by participating in a citizen science program. 152 00:06:28,555 --> 00:06:29,957 Citizen science programs are ways 153 00:06:30,023 --> 00:06:31,592 that members of the community 154 00:06:31,658 --> 00:06:34,494 can take action on environmental issues they care about 155 00:06:34,561 --> 00:06:39,032 by aiding real scientists in collecting local data. 156 00:06:39,099 --> 00:06:41,268 The Bumble Bee Brigade 157 00:06:41,335 --> 00:06:44,338 is an example of a citizen scientist program, 158 00:06:44,404 --> 00:06:47,608 coordinated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 159 00:06:47,674 --> 00:06:52,112 to aid in the conservation of bumblebees in the state. 160 00:06:52,179 --> 00:06:53,914 When you're on a, what do you call them, 161 00:06:53,981 --> 00:06:55,482 bee expeditions, when you come down here 162 00:06:55,549 --> 00:06:56,884 to the park? - Aishika Samanta: Bee-search. 163 00:06:56,950 --> 00:06:58,886 - When you're doing some bee-search, I should call it, 164 00:06:58,952 --> 00:07:00,787 what do you-- What does it day look like? 165 00:07:00,854 --> 00:07:03,590 - Yeah, so we kind of walk along the same path each time 166 00:07:03,657 --> 00:07:04,791 for consistency 167 00:07:04,858 --> 00:07:07,027 and look at each individual flower 168 00:07:07,094 --> 00:07:09,363 and see what bees are on them. 169 00:07:09,429 --> 00:07:11,398 We keep track of what flower preferences, 170 00:07:11,465 --> 00:07:13,267 so what flower each bumblebee is on, 171 00:07:13,333 --> 00:07:14,601 the bumblebee species, 172 00:07:14,668 --> 00:07:17,971 the sex of the bumblebee, humidity, temperature, weather, 173 00:07:18,038 --> 00:07:20,741 all that stuff to kind of keep track of population, 174 00:07:20,807 --> 00:07:22,276 but also flower preference 175 00:07:22,342 --> 00:07:25,112 and kind of how populations fluctuate throughout the season. 176 00:07:25,179 --> 00:07:26,513 And that's one of my favorite things 177 00:07:26,580 --> 00:07:29,917 about citizen science is that anyone can get involved. 178 00:07:29,983 --> 00:07:32,119 - There are a lot of ways you can get involved 179 00:07:32,186 --> 00:07:34,488 in protecting and advocating for pollinators 180 00:07:34,555 --> 00:07:35,856 and their habitat. 181 00:07:35,923 --> 00:07:38,959 You can start by building a bee house for your backyard, 182 00:07:39,026 --> 00:07:41,929 or planting a pollinator garden at your school. 183 00:07:41,995 --> 00:07:45,065 You could even try participating in citizen science programs 184 00:07:45,132 --> 00:07:47,601 or start advocating for protective laws 185 00:07:47,668 --> 00:07:50,037 that safeguard pollinator habitat. 186 00:07:50,103 --> 00:07:53,707 All of these can directly or indirectly help pollinators, 187 00:07:53,774 --> 00:07:57,444 protect habitats, and save our food resources. 188 00:07:57,511 --> 00:08:00,414 So, make like a bee and get busy. 189 00:08:02,983 --> 00:08:04,651 [gentle music] 190 00:08:11,258 --> 00:08:13,060 Spoiler: it's bad. 191 00:08:14,595 --> 00:08:15,696 Not the sandwich. 192 00:08:15,762 --> 00:08:17,764 I'm getting weirder. 193 00:08:18,465 --> 00:08:20,133 Aaah! 194 00:08:22,903 --> 00:08:24,738 Our connection to food 195 00:08:24,805 --> 00:08:27,741 is a lot deeper than just eating to survive. 196 00:08:27,808 --> 00:08:29,576 Food invokes memories. 197 00:08:29,643 --> 00:08:32,446 It is a way to express ourselves, where we come from, 198 00:08:32,513 --> 00:08:34,014 and what we believe in. 199 00:08:34,081 --> 00:08:36,316 Food is part of cultural identity 200 00:08:36,383 --> 00:08:38,619 for people all over the world. 201 00:08:38,685 --> 00:08:41,788 For example, wild rice, known as manoomin 202 00:08:41,855 --> 00:08:43,357 in the Anishinaabe language, 203 00:08:43,423 --> 00:08:46,193 is a significant part of Anishinaabe culture. 204 00:08:46,260 --> 00:08:49,162 But it's becoming harder to find and harvest 205 00:08:49,229 --> 00:08:51,565 due to climate change and other human impacts. 206 00:08:51,632 --> 00:08:53,500 But how exactly does climate change 207 00:08:53,567 --> 00:08:55,335 impact culture and community? 208 00:08:55,402 --> 00:08:59,606 And what can we do to protect these traditional foods? 209 00:08:59,673 --> 00:09:01,341 [bright music] 210 00:09:04,745 --> 00:09:06,947 Northern wild rice, or manoomin, 211 00:09:07,014 --> 00:09:09,816 is a species native to the Great Lakes region. 212 00:09:09,883 --> 00:09:11,118 For hundreds of years, 213 00:09:11,185 --> 00:09:13,954 this species has grown in the shallow waters of lakes 214 00:09:14,021 --> 00:09:15,422 and slow-flowing rivers, 215 00:09:15,489 --> 00:09:17,090 and has been a traditional food source 216 00:09:17,157 --> 00:09:19,059 for First Nations people. 217 00:09:19,126 --> 00:09:22,162 However, climate change has impacted wild rice habitat 218 00:09:22,229 --> 00:09:25,599 and is making it difficult to grow and harvest. 219 00:09:25,666 --> 00:09:28,368 As people lose access to foods that were once abundant 220 00:09:28,435 --> 00:09:30,304 and a significant part of their diet, 221 00:09:30,370 --> 00:09:33,073 they begin to lose their food sovereignty. 222 00:09:33,140 --> 00:09:34,808 Food sovereignty is a person's right 223 00:09:34,875 --> 00:09:37,444 to healthy and culturally appropriate food 224 00:09:37,511 --> 00:09:41,114 produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods. 225 00:09:41,181 --> 00:09:43,851 It is the power to have control over your food, 226 00:09:43,917 --> 00:09:46,520 where it comes from, and how it is grown. 227 00:09:46,587 --> 00:09:48,956 But why is food sovereignty so important? 228 00:09:49,022 --> 00:09:50,357 - Sagen Quale: Food is medicine. 229 00:09:50,424 --> 00:09:52,359 What we put into our bodies 230 00:09:52,426 --> 00:09:56,730 and the way in which we harvest and grow it is really important. 231 00:09:56,797 --> 00:10:00,801 Manoomin is just so central to Anishinaabe 232 00:10:01,468 --> 00:10:05,405 or Ojibwe identity that really with, like, a loss of manoomin, 233 00:10:05,472 --> 00:10:09,009 people have felt, like, a loss in that identity. 234 00:10:09,076 --> 00:10:12,913 I always think back to our migration story. 235 00:10:12,980 --> 00:10:15,516 Ojibwe people were originally on the east coast 236 00:10:15,582 --> 00:10:17,017 of Turtle Island. 237 00:10:17,084 --> 00:10:19,453 They were given a prophecy to say that 238 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:21,622 in order to continue to, you know, survive 239 00:10:21,688 --> 00:10:23,590 and thrive and live, you need to go 240 00:10:23,657 --> 00:10:25,225 to where the food grows on water. 241 00:10:25,292 --> 00:10:27,494 People say it took a couple hundred years 242 00:10:27,561 --> 00:10:29,963 to move all the way from the East Coast 243 00:10:30,030 --> 00:10:31,765 to the Great Lakes region. 244 00:10:31,832 --> 00:10:33,267 And once we got here 245 00:10:33,333 --> 00:10:36,270 is when Ojibwe people came to find manoomin, 246 00:10:36,336 --> 00:10:38,505 the good berry, wild rice. 247 00:10:38,572 --> 00:10:43,143 So, I was taught that that rice is really special. 248 00:10:43,977 --> 00:10:46,713 Passing along the knowledge of manoomin 249 00:10:46,780 --> 00:10:48,582 is something that was done for me, 250 00:10:48,649 --> 00:10:52,219 and that is what I need to do for others. 251 00:10:53,253 --> 00:10:55,389 - Wild rice plays a significant role 252 00:10:55,455 --> 00:10:57,391 not just in Anishinaabe culture, 253 00:10:57,457 --> 00:11:00,694 but also within its own ecosystem. 254 00:11:01,128 --> 00:11:03,897 It helps stabilize the banks of lakes and rivers 255 00:11:03,964 --> 00:11:07,034 by holding sediment in place with its root system. 256 00:11:07,100 --> 00:11:08,869 It filters the water. 257 00:11:08,936 --> 00:11:11,572 It provides habitat for fish and waterfowl 258 00:11:11,638 --> 00:11:15,309 and food for birds, insects, and people. 259 00:11:15,375 --> 00:11:17,744 It's a vital part of the ecosystem. 260 00:11:17,811 --> 00:11:19,947 But as the ecosystem changes, 261 00:11:20,013 --> 00:11:22,049 this species is having a hard time growing 262 00:11:22,115 --> 00:11:23,784 where it used to thrive. 263 00:11:23,851 --> 00:11:26,687 So, what exactly is causing this decline? 264 00:11:26,753 --> 00:11:29,122 Let's get down in the weeds and talk to some researchers 265 00:11:29,189 --> 00:11:31,892 from the UW-Madison Center for Limnology, 266 00:11:31,959 --> 00:11:33,927 who are working up at the Trout Lake Station 267 00:11:33,994 --> 00:11:35,662 in northern Wisconsin. 268 00:11:35,729 --> 00:11:37,331 What does your research focus on? 269 00:11:37,397 --> 00:11:39,967 - Gretchen Gerrish: I think our project started on wild rice, 270 00:11:40,033 --> 00:11:41,935 with the more recent declines. 271 00:11:42,002 --> 00:11:45,439 So, for the last five years, we've been surveying populations 272 00:11:45,506 --> 00:11:47,808 to look at which populations are doing well, 273 00:11:47,875 --> 00:11:49,977 which ones have experienced decline, 274 00:11:50,043 --> 00:11:51,545 and which ones may be threatened. 275 00:11:51,612 --> 00:11:54,348 There's a lot of questions about the seed storage. 276 00:11:54,414 --> 00:11:57,818 So, rice that falls one year can actually fall into the mud 277 00:11:57,885 --> 00:12:01,855 and sit there for many years before it germinates. 278 00:12:01,922 --> 00:12:03,290 - Ami: Oh! - Yeah. 279 00:12:03,357 --> 00:12:05,025 A lot of annual plants have seed banks. 280 00:12:05,092 --> 00:12:06,793 - What does annual plant mean? 281 00:12:06,860 --> 00:12:09,496 - The difference between an annual and a perennial plant 282 00:12:09,563 --> 00:12:12,165 is that annual plants grow from seed each year. 283 00:12:12,232 --> 00:12:14,001 A perennial plant can actually have a root 284 00:12:14,067 --> 00:12:16,537 that stays in the dirt or in the lake, 285 00:12:16,603 --> 00:12:20,474 and then it'll start growing out of that existing root structure. 286 00:12:20,541 --> 00:12:22,643 So, based on that seed bank question, 287 00:12:22,709 --> 00:12:24,545 and we've also been taking sediment cores. 288 00:12:24,611 --> 00:12:26,613 And so, this is where you just take a tube 289 00:12:26,680 --> 00:12:29,183 and shove it down in the mud, cap it off. 290 00:12:29,249 --> 00:12:31,185 You pull it up and you sieve it. 291 00:12:31,251 --> 00:12:33,253 And then you look at how many seeds 292 00:12:33,320 --> 00:12:35,155 are in a section of sediment, 293 00:12:35,222 --> 00:12:37,224 how deep they are in that sediment. 294 00:12:37,291 --> 00:12:39,426 And that gives you an idea of how much seed goes 295 00:12:39,493 --> 00:12:40,761 from one year to the next, 296 00:12:40,827 --> 00:12:42,663 or how much goes from fall to summer. 297 00:12:42,729 --> 00:12:45,432 So, it's common in a sparse population like this, 298 00:12:45,499 --> 00:12:48,202 where your core might contain no seeds. 299 00:12:48,268 --> 00:12:50,437 - So, what changes are happening in the environment 300 00:12:50,504 --> 00:12:52,773 that threaten wild rice growth? 301 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:55,142 - Climate's threatening the wild rice. 302 00:12:55,209 --> 00:12:57,711 Water level rise and fall is definitely one. 303 00:12:57,778 --> 00:12:59,213 And those are two big ones. 304 00:12:59,279 --> 00:13:01,582 But the other ones are herbivory. 305 00:13:01,648 --> 00:13:03,417 And then, of course, wave action. 306 00:13:03,483 --> 00:13:05,219 You know, if you have rice on a lake 307 00:13:05,285 --> 00:13:07,321 where there's boats creating big waves, 308 00:13:07,387 --> 00:13:08,856 it can uproot the plants. 309 00:13:08,922 --> 00:13:11,959 - Ray Allen: And I think there has been worries about people 310 00:13:12,025 --> 00:13:14,394 because you can get a state permit to harvest wild rice. 311 00:13:14,461 --> 00:13:16,597 You don't have to be a tribal member to do it. 312 00:13:16,663 --> 00:13:18,799 Is that, people just don't know the techniques. 313 00:13:18,866 --> 00:13:21,235 And yet, since it's, like, such a delicate plant. 314 00:13:21,301 --> 00:13:23,270 And it's, as Gretchen mentioned, it's annual. 315 00:13:23,337 --> 00:13:25,639 Like, if you lose that seed that one year, 316 00:13:25,706 --> 00:13:27,307 you're not gonna have it the next year. 317 00:13:27,374 --> 00:13:28,909 - Yeah. - And you'd have to rely 318 00:13:28,976 --> 00:13:30,077 on your seed bank. 319 00:13:30,143 --> 00:13:32,045 - Yeah, I think when we get into discussions 320 00:13:32,112 --> 00:13:33,914 about loss of wild rice too, 321 00:13:33,981 --> 00:13:36,850 the loss of human connection to the rice 322 00:13:36,917 --> 00:13:40,087 over the years, there's a lot of knowledge about harvesting. 323 00:13:40,153 --> 00:13:43,423 So, if you harvest rice before it's ripe, 324 00:13:43,490 --> 00:13:45,058 the seed that falls 325 00:13:45,125 --> 00:13:47,594 can't actually germinate for the next year. 326 00:13:47,661 --> 00:13:49,229 And so, there's a timing for harvest 327 00:13:49,296 --> 00:13:51,632 that's very, very important to think about. 328 00:13:51,698 --> 00:13:54,301 And so, having that deeper understanding 329 00:13:54,368 --> 00:13:56,403 of when it's ready to harvest 330 00:13:56,470 --> 00:13:57,905 is knowledge that needs to come forward 331 00:13:57,971 --> 00:14:00,107 to help protect the rice. 332 00:14:00,174 --> 00:14:01,808 - Ami: Climate change and other stressors, 333 00:14:01,875 --> 00:14:03,577 such as human impact, 334 00:14:03,644 --> 00:14:06,313 are causing wild rice beds to decline. 335 00:14:06,380 --> 00:14:08,549 But losing manoomin isn't an option 336 00:14:08,615 --> 00:14:11,952 for those dedicated to protecting this species. 337 00:14:12,019 --> 00:14:16,657 Let's meet up with Kathy Smith, a strong advocate for wild rice, 338 00:14:16,723 --> 00:14:18,959 to learn why the species is so important 339 00:14:19,026 --> 00:14:23,130 for its ecosystem and how we can help protect it. 340 00:14:23,197 --> 00:14:24,831 Can you tell me a little bit 341 00:14:24,898 --> 00:14:28,502 about the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission? 342 00:14:28,569 --> 00:14:32,973 - Kathy Smith: So, what we do is we help our 11 member tribes 343 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:36,109 in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan 344 00:14:36,176 --> 00:14:37,811 with their hunting, fishing, and gathering rights 345 00:14:37,878 --> 00:14:40,180 for off reservation only. 346 00:14:40,247 --> 00:14:41,448 - Manoomin, it's wild. 347 00:14:41,515 --> 00:14:44,218 But you are stewarding it. 348 00:14:44,284 --> 00:14:46,420 What does that look like, and how do you monitor it? 349 00:14:46,486 --> 00:14:49,590 - What we also do at GLIFWC, is we do aerial photos. 350 00:14:49,656 --> 00:14:53,560 We fly over, you know, parts of Minnesota, parts of Michigan 351 00:14:53,627 --> 00:14:57,297 and northern Wisconsin here within the ceded territories. 352 00:14:57,364 --> 00:15:00,200 So, we continue to monitor, you know, rice from the air. 353 00:15:00,267 --> 00:15:03,837 We have all these tools that are given to us to be able to, 354 00:15:03,904 --> 00:15:08,008 you know, work alongside that Ojibwe knowledge. 355 00:15:08,075 --> 00:15:09,676 - What changes have you seen? 356 00:15:09,743 --> 00:15:12,346 - I've seen some beds really decline 357 00:15:12,412 --> 00:15:14,548 where they were not doing too well. 358 00:15:14,615 --> 00:15:15,749 It's a indicator species 359 00:15:15,816 --> 00:15:18,185 that really tells us what's going on, 360 00:15:18,252 --> 00:15:20,354 you know, within this natural environment. 361 00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:21,688 If it's not doing so well, 362 00:15:21,755 --> 00:15:24,224 something could be impacting it by pollution, 363 00:15:24,291 --> 00:15:27,060 invasive species, or even water quality. 364 00:15:27,127 --> 00:15:28,595 But that's what happens, you know, 365 00:15:28,662 --> 00:15:31,532 when we have the shifting of the seasons or of the climate, 366 00:15:31,598 --> 00:15:35,335 you know, just really impacting some of these rice beds. 367 00:15:35,402 --> 00:15:38,238 - What kinds of restoration projects do you do? 368 00:15:38,305 --> 00:15:40,541 - So, the types of restoration projects that we do 369 00:15:40,607 --> 00:15:42,376 is we get the seed from the rice 370 00:15:42,442 --> 00:15:44,545 and then go and spread it in areas 371 00:15:44,611 --> 00:15:46,647 that, where it's sparse to help things along. 372 00:15:46,713 --> 00:15:49,550 So, that's what the purpose of reseeding, you know, today 373 00:15:49,616 --> 00:15:52,953 is to be able to, you know, put the rice where 374 00:15:53,020 --> 00:15:54,221 there was a little bit sparser, 375 00:15:54,288 --> 00:15:56,890 maybe build up the density for the rice. 376 00:15:56,957 --> 00:15:59,326 So, for our future, I hope our kids get really excited 377 00:15:59,393 --> 00:16:00,761 about good, clean food, 378 00:16:00,827 --> 00:16:03,764 and food sovereignty, I think, is a big thing. 379 00:16:03,830 --> 00:16:05,632 This is our grocery store right here. 380 00:16:05,699 --> 00:16:08,235 You know, we got a lot of wonderful foods and medicines. 381 00:16:08,302 --> 00:16:10,637 - You just have to know what you're looking at. 382 00:16:10,704 --> 00:16:14,208 Climate change is a threat to food sovereignty everywhere, 383 00:16:14,274 --> 00:16:16,610 not just for Indigenous food systems. 384 00:16:16,677 --> 00:16:18,212 But there are ways we can support 385 00:16:18,278 --> 00:16:20,247 and protect these resources. 386 00:16:20,314 --> 00:16:22,349 Be conscious of where you get your food, 387 00:16:22,416 --> 00:16:23,650 and make sure you're obtaining it 388 00:16:23,717 --> 00:16:26,320 from a sustainable source that prioritizes the health 389 00:16:26,386 --> 00:16:28,889 and care of the ecosystem as a whole. 390 00:16:28,956 --> 00:16:30,524 Participate in restoration efforts, 391 00:16:30,591 --> 00:16:32,593 such as reseeding events, in the places 392 00:16:32,659 --> 00:16:35,996 that you live or visit, and advocate for regulations 393 00:16:36,063 --> 00:16:38,999 that protect sensitive habitats and encourage others 394 00:16:39,066 --> 00:16:40,834 to learn about the species that live and grow 395 00:16:40,901 --> 00:16:42,169 in their communities 396 00:16:42,236 --> 00:16:44,771 so that they can be better stewards of these areas too. 397 00:16:44,838 --> 00:16:46,773 Food is part of cultural identity. 398 00:16:46,840 --> 00:16:48,208 By protecting our environment, 399 00:16:48,275 --> 00:16:51,912 we're also preserving heritage, traditions, and communities. 400 00:16:51,979 --> 00:16:54,815 So, know where your food comes from, 401 00:16:54,882 --> 00:16:57,951 how it's harvested, and ways that you can help protect it 402 00:16:58,018 --> 00:17:02,456 so you can continue eating it for years to come. 403 00:17:02,523 --> 00:17:04,191 [bright music] 404 00:17:07,561 --> 00:17:09,863 - Videographer: I'm rolling. - Okay. 405 00:17:09,930 --> 00:17:11,598 What's the vibe? 406 00:17:11,999 --> 00:17:13,100 Casual? 407 00:17:13,166 --> 00:17:17,504 - Producer: There's a snake. [water splashes] 408 00:17:21,175 --> 00:17:23,810 - How do you typically get around? 409 00:17:23,877 --> 00:17:25,812 Well, for the majority of Americans, 410 00:17:25,879 --> 00:17:29,883 the answer is in a gas-powered vehicle. 411 00:17:29,950 --> 00:17:31,051 And so what? 412 00:17:31,118 --> 00:17:32,219 Why is that significant? 413 00:17:32,286 --> 00:17:35,088 Because our reliance on gas-powered vehicles 414 00:17:35,155 --> 00:17:36,757 is one of the biggest contributors 415 00:17:36,823 --> 00:17:37,991 to climate change today. 416 00:17:38,058 --> 00:17:41,828 But what makes gas-powered vehicles so harmful 417 00:17:41,895 --> 00:17:43,897 for our environment? 418 00:17:44,798 --> 00:17:46,466 [bright music] 419 00:17:49,503 --> 00:17:50,704 Life in the fast lane 420 00:17:50,771 --> 00:17:54,575 has put us on the fast track to changes in climate. 421 00:17:54,641 --> 00:17:57,811 Gas-powered vehicles like most cars, buses, 422 00:17:57,878 --> 00:18:01,548 and airplanes burn fossil fuels for energy. 423 00:18:01,615 --> 00:18:02,783 Fossil fuels are the result 424 00:18:02,850 --> 00:18:05,252 of the heat and pressure of the Earth's crust 425 00:18:05,319 --> 00:18:07,788 transforming the ancient remains of plants and animals 426 00:18:07,855 --> 00:18:10,724 into an energy-rich resource. 427 00:18:10,791 --> 00:18:13,393 But it's a non-renewable resource. 428 00:18:13,460 --> 00:18:16,263 Crude oil, natural gas, and coal 429 00:18:16,330 --> 00:18:19,299 are all examples of fossil fuels we use today. 430 00:18:19,366 --> 00:18:23,070 And when they burn, they emit carbon dioxide, or CO2, 431 00:18:23,136 --> 00:18:24,238 into the atmosphere. 432 00:18:24,304 --> 00:18:27,474 But too much CO2 in the atmosphere 433 00:18:27,541 --> 00:18:30,410 causes something known as the greenhouse effect. 434 00:18:30,477 --> 00:18:33,480 This effect traps heat, kind of like a greenhouse, 435 00:18:33,547 --> 00:18:36,884 leading to the entire planet becoming warmer. 436 00:18:36,950 --> 00:18:41,221 So, we burn fossil fuels for our transportation needs. 437 00:18:41,288 --> 00:18:43,824 Burning fossil fuels emits CO2. 438 00:18:43,891 --> 00:18:46,927 Too much CO2 leads to the greenhouse effect. 439 00:18:46,994 --> 00:18:50,397 And the whole result is a major contribution 440 00:18:50,464 --> 00:18:51,932 to climate change. 441 00:18:51,999 --> 00:18:54,568 But how does this impact us? 442 00:18:55,435 --> 00:18:57,437 - Hi, Jonathan. - Jonathan Patz: Hi, Ami. 443 00:18:57,504 --> 00:18:59,273 - Hey, I have a climate question for you. 444 00:18:59,339 --> 00:19:02,709 How much CO2 is emitted from transportation 445 00:19:02,776 --> 00:19:04,578 in the United States each year? 446 00:19:04,645 --> 00:19:05,946 - In the United States, 447 00:19:06,013 --> 00:19:09,850 transportation is the largest emitting sector 448 00:19:09,917 --> 00:19:11,919 of greenhouse gas emissions. 449 00:19:11,985 --> 00:19:15,355 Transportation emissions come from all over the place, 450 00:19:15,422 --> 00:19:17,691 be it from cars and trucks, 451 00:19:17,758 --> 00:19:21,728 off-road vehicles, to ferries and ships 452 00:19:21,795 --> 00:19:24,798 contributing to warming of the planet. 453 00:19:24,865 --> 00:19:27,234 - How does our reliance on fossil fuel 454 00:19:27,301 --> 00:19:29,937 impact people everywhere? 455 00:19:30,003 --> 00:19:31,672 - When you burn fossil fuels, 456 00:19:31,738 --> 00:19:35,008 you emit all these dangerous pollutants. 457 00:19:35,075 --> 00:19:37,578 Globally, burning fossil fuels 458 00:19:37,644 --> 00:19:41,982 causes more than 5 million premature deaths every year. 459 00:19:42,049 --> 00:19:44,885 When you breathe in these fine particles, 460 00:19:44,952 --> 00:19:46,453 it gets into your bloodstream. 461 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:49,823 It affects your heart, it affects your lungs. 462 00:19:49,890 --> 00:19:52,593 And, you know, there are issues with asthma, 463 00:19:52,659 --> 00:19:55,462 lung cancer, heart disease. 464 00:19:55,529 --> 00:19:57,331 Those are some of the main issues, 465 00:19:57,397 --> 00:19:58,999 but it also affects mental health. 466 00:19:59,066 --> 00:20:02,636 And there studies that show an impact on learning, 467 00:20:02,703 --> 00:20:06,640 you know, being a compromise with air pollution. 468 00:20:06,707 --> 00:20:10,244 - What can an individual do to make a difference? 469 00:20:10,310 --> 00:20:13,580 - Well, what I can tell you is that we drive too much. 470 00:20:13,647 --> 00:20:16,517 In the United States, a majority of car trips 471 00:20:16,583 --> 00:20:20,387 are short car trips, less than five kilometers. 472 00:20:20,454 --> 00:20:22,623 And there would be enormous benefits 473 00:20:22,689 --> 00:20:25,459 if we could convert those short car trips 474 00:20:25,526 --> 00:20:28,862 into active travel, say by bicycle, 475 00:20:28,929 --> 00:20:32,165 because you're avoiding the emissions. 476 00:20:32,232 --> 00:20:33,333 And at the same time, 477 00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:36,036 you're promoting physical fitness and exercise. 478 00:20:36,103 --> 00:20:39,473 So, this is a strong reason to start designing cities 479 00:20:39,540 --> 00:20:43,010 for people rather than just for cars. 480 00:20:44,678 --> 00:20:47,247 You know, bike and walk as much as you can, 481 00:20:47,314 --> 00:20:51,385 and the world and you will be better for it. 482 00:20:51,451 --> 00:20:55,822 - So, as you can see, our reliance on fossil fuels 483 00:20:55,889 --> 00:20:59,293 is a pretty big contributor to climate change. 484 00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:01,762 But how can we move away from this? 485 00:21:01,828 --> 00:21:03,297 And what's stopping us? 486 00:21:03,363 --> 00:21:06,133 Well, for many people, it's a lack of access 487 00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:10,537 to a more sustainable means of transportation. 488 00:21:10,604 --> 00:21:12,840 Take biking, for example. 489 00:21:12,906 --> 00:21:14,741 It's a great alternative means of transportation 490 00:21:14,808 --> 00:21:17,311 that doesn't produce any CO2 emissions. 491 00:21:17,377 --> 00:21:19,713 But not everyone has a bike or knows how to fix it 492 00:21:19,780 --> 00:21:20,881 if it breaks. 493 00:21:20,948 --> 00:21:22,282 Or maybe they just don't have access 494 00:21:22,349 --> 00:21:24,918 to safe bike routes to get them to their destination. 495 00:21:24,985 --> 00:21:27,754 Thankfully, there are individuals and organizations 496 00:21:27,821 --> 00:21:30,991 dedicated to increasing accessibility to safe, 497 00:21:31,058 --> 00:21:33,126 sustainable means of transportation right here 498 00:21:33,193 --> 00:21:35,162 in our communities and schools. 499 00:21:35,229 --> 00:21:37,764 Let's head to Madison East High School and take a look 500 00:21:37,831 --> 00:21:39,933 at how one student's idea 501 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:43,437 changed the way his peers show up to class. 502 00:21:43,504 --> 00:21:45,305 - Student: This about right? 503 00:21:45,372 --> 00:21:47,107 - Andy Nguyen: Maybe a little bit more, actually. 504 00:21:47,174 --> 00:21:48,275 There you go. 505 00:21:48,342 --> 00:21:49,977 I started the club last year, 506 00:21:50,043 --> 00:21:52,579 which is halfway through my junior year. 507 00:21:52,646 --> 00:21:55,716 So, I saw a ton of bikes in the front bike rack. 508 00:21:55,782 --> 00:22:00,420 Not well maintained, broken, low tire pressure, no brakes. 509 00:22:00,487 --> 00:22:04,591 And with a background in cycling and bike repair, 510 00:22:04,658 --> 00:22:06,960 I decided to put my talent to use 511 00:22:07,027 --> 00:22:10,564 and educate my peers on how to repair bikes. 512 00:22:10,631 --> 00:22:13,166 I see climate change as a big issue 513 00:22:13,233 --> 00:22:15,102 because we only have one planet, 514 00:22:15,169 --> 00:22:19,439 so biking opens up another form of transportation 515 00:22:19,506 --> 00:22:21,775 that people can consciously choose 516 00:22:21,842 --> 00:22:24,978 and reduces the reliance on cars. 517 00:22:25,045 --> 00:22:26,346 And just riding my bike, 518 00:22:26,413 --> 00:22:30,484 it helps you get a better perspective on the world. 519 00:22:30,551 --> 00:22:31,752 - Oh! - Yeah. 520 00:22:31,818 --> 00:22:33,520 You guys wanna give it a try? 521 00:22:33,587 --> 00:22:36,590 - Silas Hunter: I got taught by Andy and my uncle, 522 00:22:36,657 --> 00:22:37,991 and it's super cool 'cause now 523 00:22:38,058 --> 00:22:40,127 I'm able to teach even more people 524 00:22:40,194 --> 00:22:42,162 through what they have taught me. 525 00:22:42,229 --> 00:22:44,164 And it's kind of this very cool trickle-down effect 526 00:22:44,231 --> 00:22:46,266 'cause, like, they've taught multiple people 527 00:22:46,333 --> 00:22:47,601 and now I've taught multiple people, 528 00:22:47,668 --> 00:22:49,269 and it just keeps growing. 529 00:22:49,336 --> 00:22:51,772 - Andy: People can stand up for what they believe in. 530 00:22:51,839 --> 00:22:54,608 Many people see climate change as such a big issue 531 00:22:54,675 --> 00:22:57,277 and that their impact is too little. 532 00:22:57,344 --> 00:23:00,080 I wish more people would start somewhere, 533 00:23:00,147 --> 00:23:02,482 starting with just cycling to work 534 00:23:02,549 --> 00:23:05,118 or cycling places is a good start. 535 00:23:05,185 --> 00:23:06,987 And every little bit counts. 536 00:23:07,054 --> 00:23:08,755 - Ami: Big changes have to start somewhere, 537 00:23:08,822 --> 00:23:10,290 and it's often one person 538 00:23:10,357 --> 00:23:13,126 who causes a chain reaction for those around them. 539 00:23:13,193 --> 00:23:15,462 Andy saw an issue at his school and realized 540 00:23:15,529 --> 00:23:19,299 he had the knowledge and the power to fix it, so he did. 541 00:23:19,366 --> 00:23:20,767 Thanks to him, there are now 542 00:23:20,834 --> 00:23:22,436 even more students biking to school 543 00:23:22,503 --> 00:23:26,240 and lowering their school community's carbon footprint. 544 00:23:26,306 --> 00:23:29,409 A carbon footprint refers to the amount of carbon dioxide 545 00:23:29,476 --> 00:23:33,180 released into the atmosphere by a specific person or entity. 546 00:23:33,247 --> 00:23:34,581 A carbon footprint can be calculated 547 00:23:34,648 --> 00:23:37,384 for individuals, businesses, schools, 548 00:23:37,451 --> 00:23:41,154 communities, states, or even entire countries. 549 00:23:41,221 --> 00:23:44,157 Some of the biggest contributors to a carbon footprint 550 00:23:44,224 --> 00:23:46,960 include electricity, heating and cooling our homes, 551 00:23:47,027 --> 00:23:48,395 and food waste. 552 00:23:48,462 --> 00:23:53,734 But by far, the biggest factor is our transportation habits. 553 00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:56,837 So, one of the most effective ways to lower a carbon footprint 554 00:23:56,904 --> 00:23:59,673 is to choose more sustainable transportation methods 555 00:23:59,740 --> 00:24:01,942 that release little or no CO2 556 00:24:02,009 --> 00:24:06,146 into the atmosphere, like riding your bike. 557 00:24:08,982 --> 00:24:10,717 Let's take a look at how a similar club 558 00:24:10,784 --> 00:24:14,221 at Omro Middle School grew into a community-wide program, 559 00:24:14,288 --> 00:24:18,859 all thanks to one person who saw a need and filled it. 560 00:24:18,926 --> 00:24:20,861 - Joe Horvath: It's amazing the number of bikes here 561 00:24:20,928 --> 00:24:22,829 that came out of a dump 562 00:24:22,896 --> 00:24:26,066 and people just get rid of 'em, and that's to our benefit. 563 00:24:26,133 --> 00:24:27,334 I never turn down bikes 564 00:24:27,401 --> 00:24:28,936 'cause you never know what you're gonna find. 565 00:24:29,002 --> 00:24:32,139 They know in the community now, rather than throw 'em out, 566 00:24:32,206 --> 00:24:33,841 they'll just come and drop 'em off. 567 00:24:33,907 --> 00:24:36,343 So, people know that bikes aren't gonna go to waste. 568 00:24:36,410 --> 00:24:37,578 - It's very interesting to me 569 00:24:37,644 --> 00:24:40,180 that such a small and rural community 570 00:24:40,247 --> 00:24:42,583 would be so excited about bikes, when often I think of, like, 571 00:24:42,649 --> 00:24:45,519 bike transportation and stuff as being something really urban. 572 00:24:45,586 --> 00:24:46,687 - Right. 573 00:24:46,753 --> 00:24:48,155 We became more involved in biking 574 00:24:48,222 --> 00:24:51,024 through the Safe Routes to School initiative. 575 00:24:51,091 --> 00:24:54,528 We developed safe routes from all corners 576 00:24:54,595 --> 00:24:58,098 of the community to bike and walk to school. 577 00:24:58,165 --> 00:25:00,634 - Why do you think biking is important? 578 00:25:00,701 --> 00:25:04,137 - Elizabeth Schubert: 'Cause it helps to stop air pollution 579 00:25:04,204 --> 00:25:07,674 and so then we don't use up all our natural resources 580 00:25:07,741 --> 00:25:10,077 like gas and oil in the Earth. 581 00:25:10,143 --> 00:25:11,912 'Cause once we run out, we're out. 582 00:25:11,979 --> 00:25:14,248 - Maddie Fisher: Bikes, they're not like cars. 583 00:25:14,314 --> 00:25:15,883 They don't pollute the environment. 584 00:25:15,949 --> 00:25:21,221 If, say, one person rode a bike instead of taking a car, 585 00:25:21,288 --> 00:25:25,626 every day, that's one less car emitting fumes. 586 00:25:26,426 --> 00:25:29,396 - So, one bike at a time. - One bike at a time. 587 00:25:29,463 --> 00:25:31,999 - I want the kids to know there's things that they can do, 588 00:25:32,065 --> 00:25:34,168 like ride your bike to school. 589 00:25:34,234 --> 00:25:35,435 We're trying to build a culture. 590 00:25:35,502 --> 00:25:37,037 We need people that care. 591 00:25:37,104 --> 00:25:41,742 And you may not realize you have a skill you can pass on 592 00:25:41,808 --> 00:25:45,913 that's valuable, and especially if it has anything to do 593 00:25:45,979 --> 00:25:47,214 with the changes 594 00:25:47,281 --> 00:25:48,882 that our environment is going through. 595 00:25:48,949 --> 00:25:52,686 And you just pass it on to one kid at a time. 596 00:25:52,753 --> 00:25:56,657 And that will just blow up. - One thing, one kid, 597 00:25:56,723 --> 00:25:58,392 one community. - Right. 598 00:25:58,458 --> 00:25:59,860 - Ami: These clubs or community groups 599 00:25:59,927 --> 00:26:01,562 are an effective form of advocacy 600 00:26:01,628 --> 00:26:04,665 that empowers others and encourages communities 601 00:26:04,731 --> 00:26:08,569 to build infrastructure to support sustainable habits. 602 00:26:08,635 --> 00:26:10,838 Another great option is to utilize public transportation 603 00:26:10,904 --> 00:26:12,139 and carpooling. 604 00:26:12,206 --> 00:26:14,441 If some of these options don't exist in your community, 605 00:26:14,508 --> 00:26:16,476 become an advocate for them. 606 00:26:16,543 --> 00:26:19,880 It's easy to feel like our actions have little impact 607 00:26:19,947 --> 00:26:22,249 on the big picture, but it's individuals 608 00:26:22,316 --> 00:26:24,518 who get the wheels of change turning. 609 00:26:24,585 --> 00:26:26,620 So, what sustainable means of transportation 610 00:26:26,687 --> 00:26:28,455 are you already using in your life? 611 00:26:28,522 --> 00:26:30,324 And which ones are you going to add? 612 00:26:30,390 --> 00:26:32,025 Together, we can shift gears 613 00:26:32,092 --> 00:26:34,094 towards a more sustainable future. 614 00:26:34,161 --> 00:26:36,964 [cheers] I'm gonna get there so fast! 615 00:26:37,030 --> 00:26:39,032 This is as fast as I can go! 616 00:26:39,099 --> 00:26:40,868 [group cheers] 617 00:26:40,934 --> 00:26:43,003 Wait, you guys, it has no brakes! 618 00:26:43,070 --> 00:26:44,738 [group laughs]